diff --git a/basis/calendar/backend/authors.txt b/basis/calendar/backend/authors.txt
deleted file mode 100755
index 7c1b2f2279..0000000000
--- a/basis/calendar/backend/authors.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Doug Coleman
diff --git a/basis/calendar/backend/backend.factor b/basis/calendar/backend/backend.factor
deleted file mode 100644
index 56ccf9e6cc..0000000000
--- a/basis/calendar/backend/backend.factor
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-USING: kernel system ;
-IN: calendar.backend
-
-HOOK: gmt-offset os ( -- hours minutes seconds )
diff --git a/basis/calendar/calendar-docs.factor b/basis/calendar/calendar-docs.factor
index 8ee104d16e..127dc4c60a 100644
--- a/basis/calendar/calendar-docs.factor
+++ b/basis/calendar/calendar-docs.factor
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ! Copyright (C) 2008 Doug Coleman.
 ! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license.
 USING: arrays kernel math strings help.markup help.syntax
-calendar.backend math.order ;
+math.order ;
 IN: calendar
 
 HELP: duration
@@ -278,8 +278,6 @@ HELP: time-
     }
 } ;
 
-{ time+ time- } related-words
-
 HELP: convert-timezone
 { $values { "timestamp" timestamp } { "duration" duration } { "timestamp" timestamp } }
 { $description "Converts the " { $snippet "timestamp" } "'s " { $snippet "gmt-offset" } " to the GMT offset represented by the " { $snippet "duration" } "." }
@@ -299,3 +297,28 @@ HELP: >local-time
                "t"
     }
 } ;
+
+HELP: >gmt
+{ $values { "timestamp" timestamp } { "timestamp" timestamp } }
+{ $description "Converts the " { $snippet "timestamp" } " to the GMT timezone." }
+{ $examples
+    { $example "USING: accessors calendar kernel prettyprint ;"
+               "now >gmt gmt-offset>> hour>> ."
+               "0"
+    }
+} ;
+
+HELP: time*
+{ $values { "obj1" object } { "obj2" object } { "obj3" object } }
+{ $description "Multiplies each time slot of a timestamp or duration by a number and make a new duration from the result.  Used in the implementation of " { $link before } "." } ;
+{ time+ time- time* } related-words
+
+HELP: before
+{ $values { "duration" duration } { "-duration" duration } }
+{ $description "Negates a duration." }
+{ $examples
+    { $example "USING: accessors calendar prettyprint ;"
+               "3 hours before now noon time+ hour>> ."
+               "9"
+    }
+} ;
diff --git a/basis/calendar/calendar.factor b/basis/calendar/calendar.factor
index ff002bb16c..5710949af5 100755
--- a/basis/calendar/calendar.factor
+++ b/basis/calendar/calendar.factor
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 ! Copyright (C) 2007 Doug Coleman.
 ! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license.
 USING: arrays kernel math math.functions namespaces sequences
-strings system vocabs.loader calendar.backend threads
-accessors combinators locals classes.tuple math.order
-memoize summary combinators.short-circuit ;
+strings system vocabs.loader threads accessors combinators
+locals classes.tuple math.order summary
+combinators.short-circuit ;
 IN: calendar
 
+HOOK: gmt-offset os ( -- hours minutes seconds )
+
 TUPLE: duration
     { year real }
     { month real }
@@ -304,14 +306,14 @@ M: timestamp time-
 M: duration time-
     before time+ ;
 
-MEMO: <zero> ( -- timestamp )
-0 0 0 0 0 0 instant <timestamp> ;
+: <zero> ( -- timestamp )
+    0 0 0 0 0 0 instant <timestamp> ;
 
 : valid-timestamp? ( timestamp -- ? )
     clone instant >>gmt-offset
     dup <zero> time- <zero> time+ = ;
 
-MEMO: unix-1970 ( -- timestamp )
+: unix-1970 ( -- timestamp )
     1970 1 1 0 0 0 instant <timestamp> ;
 
 : millis>timestamp ( n -- timestamp )
diff --git a/basis/calendar/unix/unix.factor b/basis/calendar/unix/unix.factor
index 6383d4ec42..1da554e0f1 100644
--- a/basis/calendar/unix/unix.factor
+++ b/basis/calendar/unix/unix.factor
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-USING: alien alien.c-types arrays calendar.backend
-kernel structs math unix.time namespaces system ;
+USING: alien alien.c-types arrays calendar kernel structs
+math unix.time namespaces system ;
 IN: calendar.unix
 
 : get-time ( -- alien )
diff --git a/basis/calendar/windows/windows.factor b/basis/calendar/windows/windows.factor
index b621d3bde3..508cbb0a49 100755
--- a/basis/calendar/windows/windows.factor
+++ b/basis/calendar/windows/windows.factor
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-USING: calendar.backend namespaces alien.c-types system
-windows windows.kernel32 kernel math combinators ;
+USING: calendar namespaces alien.c-types system windows
+windows.kernel32 kernel math combinators ;
 IN: calendar.windows
 
 M: windows gmt-offset ( -- hours minutes seconds )
diff --git a/basis/editors/gvim/backend/authors.txt b/basis/editors/gvim/backend/authors.txt
deleted file mode 100755
index 7c1b2f2279..0000000000
--- a/basis/editors/gvim/backend/authors.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Doug Coleman
diff --git a/basis/editors/gvim/backend/backend.factor b/basis/editors/gvim/backend/backend.factor
deleted file mode 100644
index e2e2f0626e..0000000000
--- a/basis/editors/gvim/backend/backend.factor
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-USING: io.backend ;
-IN: editors.gvim.backend
-
-HOOK: gvim-path io-backend ( -- path )
diff --git a/basis/editors/gvim/backend/tags.txt b/basis/editors/gvim/backend/tags.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 6bf68304bb..0000000000
--- a/basis/editors/gvim/backend/tags.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-unportable
diff --git a/basis/editors/gvim/gvim.factor b/basis/editors/gvim/gvim.factor
index 041f3db675..4cc9de17a1 100755
--- a/basis/editors/gvim/gvim.factor
+++ b/basis/editors/gvim/gvim.factor
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 USING: io.backend io.files kernel math math.parser
 namespaces sequences system combinators
-editors.vim editors.gvim.backend vocabs.loader ;
+editors.vim vocabs.loader ;
 IN: editors.gvim
 
 SINGLETON: gvim
 
+HOOK: gvim-path io-backend ( -- path )
+
 M: gvim vim-command ( file line -- string )
     [ gvim-path , swap , "+" swap number>string append , ] { } make ;
 
diff --git a/basis/editors/gvim/unix/unix.factor b/basis/editors/gvim/unix/unix.factor
index 3b8f7454c1..82b6bf199d 100644
--- a/basis/editors/gvim/unix/unix.factor
+++ b/basis/editors/gvim/unix/unix.factor
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-USING: io.unix.backend kernel namespaces editors.gvim.backend
+USING: io.unix.backend kernel namespaces editors.gvim
 system ;
 IN: editors.gvim.unix
 
diff --git a/basis/editors/gvim/windows/windows.factor b/basis/editors/gvim/windows/windows.factor
index daf5409c94..8c4e1aaacb 100755
--- a/basis/editors/gvim/windows/windows.factor
+++ b/basis/editors/gvim/windows/windows.factor
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-USING: editors.gvim.backend io.files io.windows kernel namespaces
+USING: editors.gvim io.files io.windows kernel namespaces
 sequences windows.shell32 io.paths system ;
 IN: editors.gvim.windows