diff --git a/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives-docs.factor b/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives-docs.factor
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78b9f08056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives-docs.factor
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+USING: assocs help.markup help.syntax quotations strings words ;
+IN: bootstrap.image.primitives
+
+HELP: all-primitives
+{ $description "A constant " { $link assoc } " containing all primitives. Keys are vocab names and values are sequences of tuples declaring words. The format of the tuples are { name effect vm-func inputs outputs extra-props }:"
+  { $list
+    { "name: Name of the primitive." }
+    { "effect: The primitives stack effect." }
+    { "vm-func: If it is a " { $link string } " then the primitive will call a function implemented in C++ code. If 'vm-func' is " { $link f } " then it is a sub-primitive and implemented in one of the files in 'basis/bootstrap/assembler/'." }
+    { "inputs: The primitives \"input-classes\", if any." }
+    { "outputs: The primitives \"output-classes\", if any." }
+    { "extra-word: An " { $link word } " that is run with the created word as argument to add extra properties to it. Usually, it would be " { $link make-foldable } " or " { $link make-flushable } " to make the word foldable or flushable respectively." }
+  }
+}
+"See " { $link "word-props" } " for documentation of what all word properties do." ;
+
+HELP: primitive-quot
+{ $values { "word" word } { "vm-func" $maybe { string } } { "quot" quotation } }
+{ $description "Creates the defining quotation for the primitive. If 'vm-func' is a string, then it is prefixed with 'primitive_' and a quotation calling that C++ function is generated." } ;
+
+ARTICLE: "bootstrap.image.primitives" "Bootstrap primitives"
+"This vocab contains utilities for declaring primitives to be added to the bootstrap image. It is used by " { $vocab-link "bootstrap.primitives" }
+$nl
+{ $link all-primitives } " is an assoc where all primitives are declared. See that constant for a description of the format." ;
+
+ABOUT: "bootstrap.image.primitives"
diff --git a/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives-tests.factor b/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives-tests.factor
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f70b7059df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives-tests.factor
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+USING: bootstrap.image.primitives kernel.private sequences tools.test
+vocabs words ;
+IN: bootstrap.image.primitives.tests
+
+{
+    [
+        B{
+            112 114 105 109 105 116 105 118 101 95 104 101 108 108 111 0
+        }
+        do-primitive
+    ]
+} [
+    gensym "hello" primitive-quot
+] unit-test
+
+{ t } [
+    all-words [ primitive? ] filter [ foldable? ] filter [ flushable? ] all?
+] unit-test
diff --git a/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives.factor b/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives.factor
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aaa5cdaeb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/basis/bootstrap/image/primitives/primitives.factor
@@ -0,0 +1,832 @@
+USING: alien alien.strings arrays assocs byte-arrays
+io.encodings.ascii kernel kernel.private locals math quotations
+sequences sequences.generalizations sequences.private strings words ;
+IN: bootstrap.image.primitives
+
+CONSTANT: all-primitives {
+    {
+        "alien"
+        {
+            {
+                "<callback>" ( word return-rewind -- alien ) "callback"
+                { word integer } { alien } f
+            }
+            {
+                "<displaced-alien>" ( displacement c-ptr -- alien ) "displaced_alien"
+                { integer c-ptr } { c-ptr } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-address" ( c-ptr -- addr ) "alien_address"
+                { alien } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            { "free-callback" ( alien -- ) "free_callback" { alien } { } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "alien.private"
+        {
+            { "current-callback" ( -- n ) "current_callback" { } { fixnum } make-flushable }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "alien.accessors"
+        {
+            {
+                "alien-cell" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_cell"
+                { c-ptr integer } { pinned-c-ptr } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-double" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_double"
+                { c-ptr integer } { float } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-float" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_float"
+                { c-ptr integer } { float } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-signed-1" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_signed_1"
+                { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-signed-2" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_signed_2"
+                { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-signed-4" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_signed_4"
+                { c-ptr integer } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-signed-8" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_signed_8"
+                { c-ptr integer } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-signed-cell" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_signed_cell"
+                { c-ptr integer } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-unsigned-1" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_unsigned_1"
+                { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-unsigned-2" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_unsigned_2"
+                { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-unsigned-4" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_unsigned_4"
+                { c-ptr integer } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-unsigned-8" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_unsigned_8"
+                { c-ptr integer } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "alien-unsigned-cell" ( c-ptr n -- value ) "alien_unsigned_cell"
+                { c-ptr integer } { integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-cell" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_cell"
+                { c-ptr c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-double" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_double"
+                { float c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-float" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_float"
+                { float c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-signed-1" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_signed_1"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-signed-2" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_signed_2"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-signed-4" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_signed_4"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-signed-8" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_signed_8"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-signed-cell" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_signed_cell"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-unsigned-1" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_unsigned_1"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-unsigned-2" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_unsigned_2"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-unsigned-4" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_unsigned_4"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-unsigned-8" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_unsigned_8"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-alien-unsigned-cell" ( value c-ptr n -- ) "set_alien_unsigned_cell"
+                { integer c-ptr integer } { } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "alien.libraries"
+        {
+            { "(dlopen)" ( path -- dll ) "dlopen" { byte-array } { dll } f }
+            { "(dlsym)" ( name dll -- alien ) "dlsym" { byte-array object } { c-ptr } f }
+            {
+                "(dlsym-raw)" ( name dll -- alien ) "dlsym_raw"
+                { byte-array object } { c-ptr } f
+            }
+            { "dlclose" ( dll -- ) "dlclose" { dll } { } f }
+            { "dll-valid?" ( dll -- ? ) "dll_validp" { object } { object } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "arrays"
+        {
+            {
+                "<array>" ( n elt -- array ) "array"
+                { integer-array-capacity object } { array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "resize-array" ( n array -- new-array ) "resize_array"
+                { integer array } { array } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "byte-arrays"
+        {
+            {
+                "(byte-array)" ( n -- byte-array ) "uninitialized_byte_array"
+                { integer-array-capacity } { byte-array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "<byte-array>" ( n -- byte-array ) "byte_array"
+                { integer-array-capacity } { byte-array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "resize-byte-array" ( n byte-array -- new-byte-array )
+                "resize_byte_array"
+                { integer-array-capacity byte-array } { byte-array } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "classes.tuple.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "<tuple-boa>" ( slots... layout -- tuple ) "tuple_boa"
+                f f make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "<tuple>" ( layout -- tuple ) "tuple"
+                { array } { tuple } make-flushable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "compiler.units"
+        {
+            {
+                "modify-code-heap" ( alist update-existing? reset-pics? -- )
+                "modify_code_heap"
+                { array object object } { } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "generic.single.private"
+        {
+            { "inline-cache-miss" ( generic methods index cache -- ) f f f f }
+            { "inline-cache-miss-tail" ( generic methods index cache -- ) f f f f }
+            {
+                "lookup-method" ( object methods -- method ) "lookup_method"
+                { object array } { word } f
+            }
+            { "mega-cache-lookup" ( methods index cache -- ) f f f f }
+            { "mega-cache-miss" ( methods index cache -- method ) "mega_cache_miss" f f f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "io.files.private"
+        {
+            { "(exists?)" ( path -- ? ) "existsp" { string } { object } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "io.streams.c"
+        {
+            {
+                "(fopen)" ( path mode -- alien ) "fopen"
+                { byte-array byte-array } { alien } f
+            }
+            { "fclose" ( alien -- ) "fclose" { alien } { } f }
+            { "fflush" ( alien -- ) "fflush" { alien } { } f }
+            { "fgetc" ( alien -- byte/f ) "fgetc" { alien } { object } f }
+            { "fputc" ( byte alien -- ) "fputc" { object alien } { } f }
+            {
+                "fread-unsafe" ( n buf alien -- count ) "fread"
+                { integer c-ptr alien } { integer } f
+            }
+            {
+                "fseek" ( alien offset whence -- ) "fseek"
+                { integer integer alien } { } f
+            }
+            { "ftell" ( alien -- n ) "ftell" { alien } { integer } f }
+            { "fwrite" ( data length alien -- ) "fwrite" { c-ptr integer alien } { } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "kernel"
+        {
+            { "(clone)" ( obj -- newobj ) "clone" { object } { object } make-flushable }
+            {
+                "<wrapper>" ( obj -- wrapper ) "wrapper"
+                { object } { wrapper } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "callstack>array" ( callstack -- array ) "callstack_to_array"
+                { callstack } { array } make-flushable
+            }
+            { "die" ( -- ) "die" { } { } f }
+            { "drop" ( x -- ) f f f f }
+            { "2drop" ( x y -- ) f f f f }
+            { "3drop" ( x y z -- ) f f f f }
+            { "4drop" ( w x y z -- ) f f f f }
+            { "dup" ( x -- x x ) f f f f }
+            { "2dup" ( x y -- x y x y ) f f f f }
+            { "3dup" ( x y z -- x y z x y z ) f f f f }
+            { "4dup" ( w x y z -- w x y z w x y z ) f f f f }
+            { "rot" ( x y z -- y z x ) f f f f }
+            { "-rot" ( x y z -- z x y ) f f f f }
+            { "dupd" ( x y -- x x y ) f f f f }
+            { "swapd" ( x y z -- y x z ) f f f f }
+            { "nip" ( x y -- y ) f f f f }
+            { "2nip" ( x y z -- z ) f f f f }
+            { "over" ( x y -- x y x ) f f f f }
+            { "pick" ( x y z -- x y z x ) f f f f }
+            { "swap" ( x y -- y x ) f f f f }
+            { "eq?" ( obj1 obj2 -- ? ) f { object object } { object } make-foldable }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "kernel.private"
+        {
+            { "(call)" ( quot -- ) f f f f }
+            { "(execute)" ( word -- ) f f f f }
+            { "c-to-factor" ( -- ) f f f f }
+            { "fpu-state" ( -- ) f { } { } f }
+            { "lazy-jit-compile" ( -- ) f f f f }
+            { "leaf-signal-handler" ( -- ) f { } { } f }
+            { "set-callstack" ( callstack -- * ) f f f f }
+            { "set-fpu-state" ( -- ) f { } { } f }
+            { "signal-handler" ( -- ) f { } { } f }
+            {
+                "tag" ( object -- n ) f
+                { object } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            { "unwind-native-frames" ( -- ) f f f f }
+            {
+                "callstack-for" ( context -- array ) "callstack_for"
+                { c-ptr } { callstack } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "datastack-for" ( context -- array ) "datastack_for"
+                { c-ptr } { array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "retainstack-for" ( context -- array ) "retainstack_for"
+                { c-ptr } { array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "(identity-hashcode)" ( obj -- code ) "identity_hashcode"
+                { object } { fixnum } f
+            }
+            { "become" ( old new -- ) "become" { array array } { } f }
+            {
+                "callstack-bounds" ( -- start end ) "callstack_bounds"
+                { } { alien alien } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "check-datastack" ( array in# out# -- ? ) "check_datastack"
+                { array integer integer } { object } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "compute-identity-hashcode" ( obj -- ) "compute_identity_hashcode"
+                { object } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "context-object" ( n -- obj ) "context_object"
+                { fixnum } { object } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "innermost-frame-executing" ( callstack -- obj )
+                "innermost_stack_frame_executing"
+                { callstack } { object } f
+            }
+            {
+                "innermost-frame-scan" ( callstack -- n ) "innermost_stack_frame_scan"
+                { callstack } { fixnum } f
+            }
+            {
+                "set-context-object" ( obj n -- ) "set_context_object"
+                { object fixnum } { } f
+            }
+            { "set-datastack" ( array -- ) "set_datastack" f f f }
+            {
+                "set-innermost-frame-quotation" ( n callstack -- )
+                "set_innermost_stack_frame_quotation"
+                { quotation callstack } { } f
+            }
+            { "set-retainstack" ( array -- ) "set_retainstack" f f f }
+            {
+                "set-special-object" ( obj n -- ) "set_special_object"
+                { object fixnum } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "special-object" ( n -- obj ) "special_object"
+                { fixnum } { object } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "strip-stack-traces" ( -- ) "strip_stack_traces"
+                { } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "unimplemented" ( -- * ) "unimplemented"
+                { } { } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "locals.backend"
+        {
+            { "drop-locals" ( n -- ) f f f f }
+            { "get-local" ( n -- obj ) f f f f }
+            { "load-local" ( obj -- ) f f f f }
+            { "load-locals" ( ... n -- ) "load_locals" f f f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "math"
+        {
+            {
+                "bits>double" ( n -- x ) "bits_double"
+                { integer } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bits>float" ( n -- x ) "bits_float"
+                { integer } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "double>bits" ( x -- n ) "double_bits"
+                { real } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float>bits" ( x -- n ) "float_bits"
+                { real } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "math.parser.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "(format-float)" ( n fill width precision format locale -- byte-array )
+                "format_float"
+                { float byte-array fixnum fixnum byte-array byte-array } { byte-array }
+                make-flushable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "math.private"
+        {
+            { "both-fixnums?" ( x y -- ? ) f { object object } { object } f }
+            {
+                "fixnum+fast" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-fast" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum*fast" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-bitand" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-bitor" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-bitxor" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-bitnot" ( x -- y ) f
+                { fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-mod" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-shift" ( x y -- z ) "fixnum_shift"
+                { fixnum fixnum } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-shift-fast" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum/i-fast" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum/mod" ( x y -- z w ) "fixnum_divmod"
+                { fixnum fixnum } { integer fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum/mod-fast" ( x y -- z w ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum+" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum-" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum*" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum<" ( x y -- ? ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum<=" ( x y -- z ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum>" ( x y -- ? ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum>=" ( x y -- ? ) f
+                { fixnum fixnum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum*" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_multiply"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum+" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_add"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_subtract"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-bit?" ( x n -- ? ) "bignum_bitp"
+                { bignum integer } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-bitand" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_and"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-bitnot" ( x -- y ) "bignum_not"
+                { bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-bitor" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_or"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-bitxor" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_xor"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-log2" ( x -- n ) "bignum_log2"
+                { bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-mod" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_mod"
+                { bignum bignum } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-gcd" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_gcd"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum-shift" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_shift"
+                { bignum fixnum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum/i" ( x y -- z ) "bignum_divint"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum/mod" ( x y -- z w ) "bignum_divmod"
+                { bignum bignum } { bignum integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum<" ( x y -- ? ) "bignum_less"
+                { bignum bignum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum<=" ( x y -- ? ) "bignum_lesseq"
+                { bignum bignum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum=" ( x y -- ? ) "bignum_eq"
+                { bignum bignum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum>" ( x y -- ? ) "bignum_greater"
+                { bignum bignum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum>=" ( x y -- ? ) "bignum_greatereq"
+                { bignum bignum } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum>fixnum" ( x -- y ) "bignum_to_fixnum"
+                { bignum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "bignum>fixnum-strict" ( x -- y ) "bignum_to_fixnum_strict"
+                { bignum } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum/i" ( x y -- z ) "fixnum_divint"
+                { fixnum fixnum } { integer } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum>bignum" ( x -- y ) "fixnum_to_bignum"
+                { fixnum } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "fixnum>float" ( x -- y ) "fixnum_to_float"
+                { fixnum } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float*" ( x y -- z ) "float_multiply"
+                { float float } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float+" ( x y -- z ) "float_add"
+                { float float } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float-" ( x y -- z ) "float_subtract"
+                { float float } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            ! -u ones redundant?
+            {
+                "float-u<" ( x y -- ? ) "float_less"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float-u<=" ( x y -- ? ) "float_lesseq"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float-u>" ( x y -- ? ) "float_greater"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float-u>=" ( x y -- ? ) "float_greatereq"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float/f" ( x y -- z ) "float_divfloat"
+                { float float } { float } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float<" ( x y -- ? ) "float_less"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float<=" ( x y -- ? ) "float_lesseq"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float=" ( x y -- ? ) "float_eq"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float>" ( x y -- ? ) "float_greater"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float>=" ( x y -- ? ) "float_greatereq"
+                { float float } { object } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float>bignum" ( x -- y ) "float_to_bignum"
+                { float } { bignum } make-foldable
+            }
+            {
+                "float>fixnum" ( x -- y ) "float_to_fixnum"
+                { float } { fixnum } make-foldable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "memory"
+        {
+            { "all-instances" ( -- array ) "all_instances" { } { array } f }
+            { "compact-gc" ( -- ) "compact_gc" { } { } f }
+            { "gc" ( -- ) "full_gc" { } { } f }
+            { "minor-gc" ( -- ) "minor_gc" { } { } f }
+            { "size" ( obj -- n ) "size" { object } { fixnum } make-flushable }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "memory.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "(save-image)" ( path1 path2 then-die? -- ) "save_image"
+                { byte-array byte-array object } { } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "quotations"
+        {
+            { "jit-compile" ( quot -- ) "jit_compile" { quotation } { } f }
+            {
+                "quotation-code" ( quot -- start end ) "quotation_code"
+                { quotation } { integer integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "quotation-compiled?" ( quot -- ? ) "quotation_compiled_p"
+                { quotation } { object } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "quotations.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "array>quotation" ( array -- quot ) "array_to_quotation"
+                { array } { quotation } make-flushable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "slots.private"
+        {
+            { "set-slot" ( value obj n -- ) "set_slot" { object object fixnum } { } f }
+            { "slot" ( obj m -- value ) f { object fixnum } { object } make-flushable }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "strings"
+        {
+            {
+                "<string>" ( n ch -- string ) "string"
+                { integer-array-capacity integer } { string } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "resize-string" ( n str -- newstr ) "resize_string"
+                { integer string } { string } f
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "strings.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "set-string-nth-fast" ( ch n string -- ) "set_string_nth_fast"
+                { fixnum fixnum string } { } f
+            }
+            {
+                "string-nth-fast" ( n string -- ch ) f
+                { fixnum string } { fixnum } make-flushable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "system"
+        {
+            { "(exit)" ( n -- * ) "exit" { integer } { } f }
+            { "disable-ctrl-break" ( -- ) "disable_ctrl_break" { } { } f }
+            { "enable-ctrl-break" ( -- ) "enable_ctrl_break" { } { } f }
+            { "nano-count" ( -- ns ) "nano_count" { } { integer } make-flushable }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "threads.private"
+        {
+            { "(sleep)" ( nanos -- ) "sleep" { integer } { } f }
+            { "(set-context)" ( obj context -- obj' ) f { object alien } { object } f }
+            { "(set-context-and-delete)" ( obj context -- * ) f { object alien } { } f }
+            { "(start-context)" ( obj quot -- obj' ) f { object quotation } { object } f }
+            { "(start-context-and-delete)" ( obj quot -- * ) f { object quotation } { } f }
+            {
+                "context-object-for" ( n context -- obj ) "context_object_for"
+                { fixnum c-ptr } { object } make-flushable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "tools.dispatch.private"
+        {
+            { "dispatch-stats" ( -- stats ) "dispatch_stats" { } { byte-array } f }
+            { "reset-dispatch-stats" ( -- ) "reset_dispatch_stats" { } { } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "tools.memory.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "(callback-room)" ( -- allocator-room ) "callback_room"
+                { } { byte-array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "(code-blocks)" ( -- array ) "code_blocks"
+                { } { array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "(code-room)" ( -- allocator-room ) "code_room"
+                { } { byte-array } make-flushable
+            }
+            {
+                "(data-room)" ( -- data-room ) "data_room"
+                { } { byte-array } make-flushable
+            }
+            { "disable-gc-events" ( -- events ) "disable_gc_events" { } { object } f }
+            { "enable-gc-events" ( -- ) "enable_gc_events" { } { } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "tools.profiler.sampling.private"
+        {
+            { "profiling" ( n -- ) "sampling_profiler" { object } { } f }
+            { "(get-samples)" ( -- samples/f ) "get_samples" { } { object } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "words"
+        {
+            {
+                "word-code" ( word -- start end ) "word_code"
+                { word } { integer integer } make-flushable
+            }
+            { "word-optimized?" ( word -- ? ) "word_optimized_p" { word } { object } f }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        "words.private"
+        {
+            {
+                "(word)" ( name vocab hashcode -- word ) "word"
+                { object object object } { word } make-flushable
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+: primitive-quot ( word vm-func -- quot )
+    [
+        nip "primitive_" prepend ascii string>alien [ do-primitive ] curry
+    ] [ 1quotation ] if* ;
+
+: primitive-word ( name vocab -- word )
+    create-word dup t "primitive" set-word-prop ;
+
+: set-extra-props ( word extra-props -- )
+    [ rot set-word-prop ] with assoc-each ;
+
+:: create-primitive ( vocab word effect vm-func inputs outputs extra-word -- )
+    word vocab primitive-word :> word
+    word vm-func primitive-quot :> quot
+    word quot effect define-declared
+    word inputs "input-classes" set-word-prop
+    word outputs "default-output-classes" set-word-prop
+    word extra-word [ execute( x -- ) ] [ drop ] if* ;
+
+: create-primitives ( assoc -- )
+    [
+        [ 6 firstn create-primitive ] with each
+    ] assoc-each ;
diff --git a/basis/stack-checker/known-words/known-words.factor b/basis/stack-checker/known-words/known-words.factor
index ae62863af0..edab7e2918 100644
--- a/basis/stack-checker/known-words/known-words.factor
+++ b/basis/stack-checker/known-words/known-words.factor
@@ -178,8 +178,6 @@ M: object infer-call* \ call bad-macro-input ;
 
 \ <tuple-boa> [ infer-<tuple-boa> ] "special" set-word-prop
 
-\ <tuple-boa> t "flushable" set-word-prop
-
 : infer-effect-unsafe ( word -- )
     pop-literal
     add-effect-input
@@ -272,200 +270,3 @@ M: object infer-call* \ call bad-macro-input ;
 
 ! More words not to compile
 \ clear t "no-compile" set-word-prop
-
-: define-primitive ( word inputs outputs -- )
-    [ "input-classes" set-word-prop ]
-    [ "default-output-classes" set-word-prop ]
-    bi-curry* bi ;
-
-\ (byte-array) { integer-array-capacity } { byte-array } define-primitive \ (byte-array) make-flushable
-\ (clone) { object } { object } define-primitive \ (clone) make-flushable
-\ (code-blocks) { } { array } define-primitive \ (code-blocks)  make-flushable
-
-\ (dlopen) { byte-array } { dll } define-primitive
-\ (dlsym) { byte-array object } { c-ptr } define-primitive
-\ (dlsym-raw) { byte-array object } { c-ptr } define-primitive
-\ (exists?) { string } { object } define-primitive
-\ (exit) { integer } { } define-primitive
-\ (format-float) { float byte-array fixnum fixnum byte-array byte-array } { byte-array } define-primitive \ (format-float) make-foldable
-\ (fopen) { byte-array byte-array } { alien } define-primitive
-\ (identity-hashcode) { object } { fixnum } define-primitive
-\ (save-image) { byte-array byte-array object } { } define-primitive
-\ (set-context) { object alien } { object } define-primitive
-\ (set-context-and-delete) { object alien } { } define-primitive
-\ (sleep) { integer } { } define-primitive
-\ (start-context) { object quotation } { object } define-primitive
-\ (start-context-and-delete) { object quotation } { } define-primitive
-\ (word) { object object object } { word } define-primitive \ (word) make-flushable
-\ <array> { integer-array-capacity object } { array } define-primitive \ <array> make-flushable
-\ <byte-array> { integer-array-capacity } { byte-array } define-primitive \ <byte-array> make-flushable
-\ <callback> { word integer } { alien } define-primitive
-\ <displaced-alien> { integer c-ptr } { c-ptr } define-primitive \ <displaced-alien> make-flushable
-\ <string> { integer-array-capacity integer } { string } define-primitive \ <string> make-flushable
-\ <tuple> { array } { tuple } define-primitive \ <tuple> make-flushable
-\ <wrapper> { object } { wrapper } define-primitive \ <wrapper> make-foldable
-\ alien-address { alien } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-address make-flushable
-\ alien-cell { c-ptr integer } { pinned-c-ptr } define-primitive \ alien-cell make-flushable
-\ alien-double { c-ptr integer } { float } define-primitive \ alien-double make-flushable
-\ alien-float { c-ptr integer } { float } define-primitive \ alien-float make-flushable
-\ alien-signed-1 { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } define-primitive \ alien-signed-1 make-flushable
-\ alien-signed-2 { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } define-primitive \ alien-signed-2 make-flushable
-\ alien-signed-4 { c-ptr integer } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-signed-4 make-flushable
-\ alien-signed-8 { c-ptr integer } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-signed-8 make-flushable
-\ alien-signed-cell { c-ptr integer } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-signed-cell make-flushable
-\ alien-unsigned-1 { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } define-primitive \ alien-unsigned-1 make-flushable
-\ alien-unsigned-2 { c-ptr integer } { fixnum } define-primitive \ alien-unsigned-2 make-flushable
-\ alien-unsigned-4 { c-ptr integer } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-unsigned-4 make-flushable
-\ alien-unsigned-8 { c-ptr integer } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-unsigned-8 make-flushable
-\ alien-unsigned-cell { c-ptr integer } { integer } define-primitive \ alien-unsigned-cell make-flushable
-\ all-instances { } { array } define-primitive
-\ array>quotation { array } { quotation } define-primitive \ array>quotation make-foldable
-\ become { array array } { } define-primitive
-\ bignum* { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum* make-foldable
-\ bignum+ { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum+ make-foldable
-\ bignum- { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum- make-foldable
-\ bignum-bit? { bignum integer } { object } define-primitive \ bignum-bit? make-foldable
-\ bignum-bitand { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-bitand make-foldable
-\ bignum-bitnot { bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-bitnot make-foldable
-\ bignum-bitor { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-bitor make-foldable
-\ bignum-bitxor { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-bitxor make-foldable
-\ bignum-log2 { bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-log2 make-foldable
-\ bignum-mod { bignum bignum } { integer } define-primitive \ bignum-mod make-foldable
-\ bignum-gcd { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-gcd make-foldable
-\ bignum-shift { bignum fixnum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum-shift make-foldable
-\ bignum/i { bignum bignum } { bignum } define-primitive \ bignum/i make-foldable
-\ bignum/mod { bignum bignum } { bignum integer } define-primitive \ bignum/mod make-foldable
-\ bignum< { bignum bignum } { object } define-primitive \ bignum< make-foldable
-\ bignum<= { bignum bignum } { object } define-primitive \ bignum<= make-foldable
-\ bignum= { bignum bignum } { object } define-primitive \ bignum= make-foldable
-\ bignum> { bignum bignum } { object } define-primitive \ bignum> make-foldable
-\ bignum>= { bignum bignum } { object } define-primitive \ bignum>= make-foldable
-\ bignum>fixnum { bignum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ bignum>fixnum make-foldable
-\ bignum>fixnum-strict { bignum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ bignum>fixnum-strict make-foldable
-\ bits>double { integer } { float } define-primitive \ bits>double make-foldable
-\ bits>float { integer } { float } define-primitive \ bits>float make-foldable
-\ both-fixnums? { object object } { object } define-primitive
-\ callstack-bounds { } { alien alien } define-primitive \ callstack-bounds make-flushable
-\ callstack-for { c-ptr } { callstack } define-primitive \ callstack make-flushable
-\ callstack>array { callstack } { array } define-primitive \ callstack>array make-flushable
-\ check-datastack { array integer integer } { object } define-primitive \ check-datastack make-flushable
-\ (code-room) { } { byte-array } define-primitive \ (code-room)  make-flushable
-\ compact-gc { } { } define-primitive
-\ compute-identity-hashcode { object } { } define-primitive
-\ context-object { fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ context-object make-flushable
-\ context-object-for { fixnum c-ptr } { object } define-primitive \ context-object-for make-flushable
-\ current-callback { } { fixnum } define-primitive \ current-callback make-flushable
-\ (callback-room) { } { byte-array } define-primitive \ (callback-room) make-flushable
-\ (data-room) { } { byte-array } define-primitive \ (data-room) make-flushable
-\ datastack-for { c-ptr } { array } define-primitive \ datastack-for make-flushable
-\ die { } { } define-primitive
-\ disable-gc-events { } { object } define-primitive
-\ dispatch-stats { } { byte-array } define-primitive
-\ dlclose { dll } { } define-primitive
-\ dll-valid? { object } { object } define-primitive
-\ double>bits { real } { integer } define-primitive \ double>bits make-foldable
-\ enable-gc-events { } { } define-primitive
-\ eq? { object object } { object } define-primitive \ eq? make-foldable
-\ fclose { alien } { } define-primitive
-\ fflush { alien } { } define-primitive
-\ fgetc { alien } { object } define-primitive
-\ fixnum* { fixnum fixnum } { integer } define-primitive \ fixnum* make-foldable
-\ fixnum*fast { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum*fast make-foldable
-\ fixnum+ { fixnum fixnum } { integer } define-primitive \ fixnum+ make-foldable
-\ fixnum+fast { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum+fast make-foldable
-\ fixnum- { fixnum fixnum } { integer } define-primitive \ fixnum- make-foldable
-\ fixnum-bitand { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-bitand make-foldable
-\ fixnum-bitnot { fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-bitnot make-foldable
-\ fixnum-bitor { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-bitor make-foldable
-\ fixnum-bitxor { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-bitxor make-foldable
-\ fixnum-fast { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-fast make-foldable
-\ fixnum-mod { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-mod make-foldable
-\ fixnum-shift { fixnum fixnum } { integer } define-primitive \ fixnum-shift make-foldable
-\ fixnum-shift-fast { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum-shift-fast make-foldable
-\ fixnum/i { fixnum fixnum } { integer } define-primitive \ fixnum/i make-foldable
-\ fixnum/i-fast { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum/i-fast make-foldable
-\ fixnum/mod { fixnum fixnum } { integer fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum/mod make-foldable
-\ fixnum/mod-fast { fixnum fixnum } { fixnum fixnum } define-primitive \ fixnum/mod-fast make-foldable
-\ fixnum< { fixnum fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ fixnum< make-foldable
-\ fixnum<= { fixnum fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ fixnum<= make-foldable
-\ fixnum> { fixnum fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ fixnum> make-foldable
-\ fixnum>= { fixnum fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ fixnum>= make-foldable
-\ fixnum>bignum { fixnum } { bignum } define-primitive \ fixnum>bignum make-foldable
-\ fixnum>float { fixnum } { float } define-primitive \ fixnum>float make-foldable
-\ float* { float float } { float } define-primitive \ float* make-foldable
-\ float+ { float float } { float } define-primitive \ float+ make-foldable
-\ float- { float float } { float } define-primitive \ float- make-foldable
-\ float-u< { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float-u< make-foldable
-\ float-u<= { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float-u<= make-foldable
-\ float-u> { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float-u> make-foldable
-\ float-u>= { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float-u>= make-foldable
-\ float/f { float float } { float } define-primitive \ float/f make-foldable
-\ float< { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float< make-foldable
-\ float<= { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float<= make-foldable
-\ float= { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float= make-foldable
-\ float> { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float> make-foldable
-\ float>= { float float } { object } define-primitive \ float>= make-foldable
-\ float>bignum { float } { bignum } define-primitive \ float>bignum make-foldable
-\ float>bits { real } { integer } define-primitive \ float>bits make-foldable
-\ float>fixnum { float } { fixnum } define-primitive \ float>fixnum make-foldable
-\ fpu-state { } { } define-primitive
-\ fputc { object alien } { } define-primitive
-\ fread-unsafe { integer c-ptr alien } { integer } define-primitive
-\ free-callback { alien } { } define-primitive
-\ fseek { integer integer alien } { } define-primitive
-\ ftell { alien } { integer } define-primitive
-\ fwrite { c-ptr integer alien } { } define-primitive
-\ gc { } { } define-primitive
-\ innermost-frame-executing { callstack } { object } define-primitive
-\ innermost-frame-scan { callstack } { fixnum } define-primitive
-\ jit-compile { quotation } { } define-primitive
-\ leaf-signal-handler { } { } define-primitive
-\ gsp:lookup-method { object array } { word } define-primitive
-\ minor-gc { } { } define-primitive
-\ modify-code-heap { array object object } { } define-primitive
-\ nano-count { } { integer } define-primitive \ nano-count make-flushable
-\ profiling { object } { } define-primitive
-\ (get-samples) { } { object } define-primitive
-\ quotation-code { quotation } { integer integer } define-primitive \ quotation-code make-flushable
-\ quotation-compiled? { quotation } { object } define-primitive
-\ reset-dispatch-stats { } { } define-primitive
-\ resize-array { integer array } { array } define-primitive
-\ resize-byte-array { integer-array-capacity byte-array } { byte-array } define-primitive
-\ resize-string { integer string } { string } define-primitive
-
-\ retainstack-for { c-ptr } { array } define-primitive \ retainstack-for make-flushable
-
-\ set-alien-cell { c-ptr c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-double { float c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-float { float c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-signed-1 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-signed-2 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-signed-4 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-signed-8 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-signed-cell { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-unsigned-1 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-unsigned-2 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-unsigned-4 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-unsigned-8 { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-\ set-alien-unsigned-cell { integer c-ptr integer } { } define-primitive
-
-\ set-context-object { object fixnum } { } define-primitive
-\ set-fpu-state { } { } define-primitive
-
-\ set-innermost-frame-quotation { quotation callstack } { } define-primitive
-\ set-slot { object object fixnum } { } define-primitive
-\ set-special-object { object fixnum } { } define-primitive
-\ set-string-nth-fast { fixnum fixnum string } { } define-primitive
-\ signal-handler { } { } define-primitive
-\ size { object } { fixnum } define-primitive \ size make-flushable
-\ slot { object fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ slot make-flushable
-\ special-object { fixnum } { object } define-primitive \ special-object make-flushable
-\ string-nth-fast { fixnum string } { fixnum } define-primitive \ string-nth-fast make-flushable
-\ strip-stack-traces { } { } define-primitive
-\ tag { object } { fixnum } define-primitive \ tag make-foldable
-\ unimplemented { } { } define-primitive
-\ word-code { word } { integer integer } define-primitive \ word-code make-flushable
-\ word-optimized? { word } { object } define-primitive
-
-\ disable-ctrl-break { } { } define-primitive
-\ enable-ctrl-break { } { } define-primitive
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/primitives-docs.factor b/core/bootstrap/primitives-docs.factor
index 2f3fd3fdf2..cc051e3a13 100644
--- a/core/bootstrap/primitives-docs.factor
+++ b/core/bootstrap/primitives-docs.factor
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ USING: bootstrap.image.private effects help.markup help.syntax strings ;
 IN: bootstrap.primitives
 
 ARTICLE: "bootstrap.primitives" "Bootstrap primitives"
-"A script file run to create the bootstrap image." ;
+"A script file run to create the bootstrap image. Also see the vocab " { $link "bootstrap.image.primitives" } "." ;
 
 ABOUT: "bootstrap.primitives"
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/primitives.factor b/core/bootstrap/primitives.factor
index 5e7ae015aa..4ba2cf5079 100755
--- a/core/bootstrap/primitives.factor
+++ b/core/bootstrap/primitives.factor
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 ! Copyright (C) 2004, 2010 Slava Pestov.
 ! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license.
-USING: alien.strings arrays assocs bootstrap.image.private classes classes.builtin
-classes.intersection classes.predicate classes.private classes.singleton
-classes.tuple classes.tuple.private classes.union combinators compiler.units
-io io.encodings.ascii kernel kernel.private layouts make math math.private
-namespaces parser quotations sequences slots source-files splitting vocabs
-vocabs.loader words ;
+USING: arrays assocs bootstrap.image.primitives
+bootstrap.image.private classes classes.builtin classes.intersection
+classes.predicate classes.private classes.singleton classes.tuple
+classes.tuple.private classes.union combinators compiler.units io
+kernel kernel.private layouts make math math.private namespaces parser
+quotations sequences slots source-files splitting vocabs vocabs.loader
+words ;
 IN: bootstrap.primitives
 
 "* Creating primitives and basic runtime structures..." print flush
@@ -323,250 +324,7 @@ tuple
 ( quot1 quot2 -- compose ) define-declared
 
 "* Declaring primitives..." print flush
-
-! Sub-primitive words
-: make-sub-primitive ( word vocab effect -- )
-    [
-        create-word
-        dup t "primitive" set-word-prop
-        dup 1quotation
-    ] dip define-declared ;
-
-{
-    { "mega-cache-lookup" "generic.single.private" ( methods index cache -- ) }
-    { "inline-cache-miss" "generic.single.private" ( generic methods index cache -- ) }
-    { "inline-cache-miss-tail" "generic.single.private" ( generic methods index cache -- ) }
-    { "drop" "kernel" ( x -- ) }
-    { "2drop" "kernel" ( x y -- ) }
-    { "3drop" "kernel" ( x y z -- ) }
-    { "4drop" "kernel" ( w x y z -- ) }
-    { "dup" "kernel" ( x -- x x ) }
-    { "2dup" "kernel" ( x y -- x y x y ) }
-    { "3dup" "kernel" ( x y z -- x y z x y z ) }
-    { "4dup" "kernel" ( w x y z -- w x y z w x y z ) }
-    { "rot" "kernel" ( x y z -- y z x ) }
-    { "-rot" "kernel" ( x y z -- z x y ) }
-    { "dupd" "kernel" ( x y -- x x y ) }
-    { "swapd" "kernel" ( x y z -- y x z ) }
-    { "nip" "kernel" ( x y -- y ) }
-    { "2nip" "kernel" ( x y z -- z ) }
-    { "over" "kernel" ( x y -- x y x ) }
-    { "pick" "kernel" ( x y z -- x y z x ) }
-    { "swap" "kernel" ( x y -- y x ) }
-    { "eq?" "kernel" ( obj1 obj2 -- ? ) }
-    { "tag" "kernel.private" ( object -- n ) }
-    { "(execute)" "kernel.private" ( word -- ) }
-    { "(call)" "kernel.private" ( quot -- ) }
-    { "fpu-state" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "set-fpu-state" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "signal-handler" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "leaf-signal-handler" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "unwind-native-frames" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "set-callstack" "kernel.private" ( callstack -- * ) }
-    { "lazy-jit-compile" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "c-to-factor" "kernel.private" ( -- ) }
-    { "slot" "slots.private" ( obj m -- value ) }
-    { "get-local" "locals.backend" ( n -- obj ) }
-    { "load-local" "locals.backend" ( obj -- ) }
-    { "drop-locals" "locals.backend" ( n -- ) }
-    { "both-fixnums?" "math.private" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "fixnum+fast" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-fast" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum*fast" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-bitand" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-bitor" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-bitxor" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-bitnot" "math.private" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "fixnum-mod" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-shift-fast" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum/i-fast" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum/mod-fast" "math.private" ( x y -- z w ) }
-    { "fixnum+" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum-" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum*" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum<" "math.private" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "fixnum<=" "math.private" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum>" "math.private" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "fixnum>=" "math.private" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "string-nth-fast" "strings.private" ( n string -- ch ) }
-    { "(set-context)" "threads.private" ( obj context -- obj' ) }
-    { "(set-context-and-delete)" "threads.private" ( obj context -- * ) }
-    { "(start-context)" "threads.private" ( obj quot -- obj' ) }
-    { "(start-context-and-delete)" "threads.private" ( obj quot -- * ) }
-} [ first3 make-sub-primitive ] each
-
-: make-primitive ( word vocab function effect -- )
-    [
-        [
-            create-word
-            dup reset-word
-            dup t "primitive" set-word-prop
-        ] dip
-        ascii string>alien [ do-primitive ] curry
-    ] dip define-declared ;
-
-{
-    { "<callback>" "alien" "primitive_callback" ( word return-rewind -- alien ) }
-    { "<displaced-alien>" "alien" "primitive_displaced_alien" ( displacement c-ptr -- alien ) }
-    { "alien-address" "alien" "primitive_alien_address" ( c-ptr -- addr ) }
-    { "alien-cell" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_cell" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-double" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_double" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-float" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_float" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-signed-1" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_signed_1" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-signed-2" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_signed_2" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-signed-4" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_signed_4" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-signed-8" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_signed_8" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-signed-cell" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_signed_cell" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-unsigned-1" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_unsigned_1" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-unsigned-2" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_unsigned_2" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-unsigned-4" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_unsigned_4" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-unsigned-8" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_unsigned_8" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "alien-unsigned-cell" "alien.accessors" "primitive_alien_unsigned_cell" ( c-ptr n -- value ) }
-    { "set-alien-cell" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_cell" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-double" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_double" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-float" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_float" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-signed-1" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_signed_1" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-signed-2" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_signed_2" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-signed-4" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_signed_4" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-signed-8" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_signed_8" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-signed-cell" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_signed_cell" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-unsigned-1" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_unsigned_1" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-unsigned-2" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_unsigned_2" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-unsigned-4" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_unsigned_4" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-unsigned-8" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_unsigned_8" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "set-alien-unsigned-cell" "alien.accessors" "primitive_set_alien_unsigned_cell" ( value c-ptr n -- ) }
-    { "(dlopen)" "alien.libraries" "primitive_dlopen" ( path -- dll ) }
-    { "(dlsym)" "alien.libraries" "primitive_dlsym" ( name dll -- alien ) }
-    { "(dlsym-raw)" "alien.libraries" "primitive_dlsym_raw" ( name dll -- alien ) }
-    { "dlclose" "alien.libraries" "primitive_dlclose" ( dll -- ) }
-    { "dll-valid?" "alien.libraries" "primitive_dll_validp" ( dll -- ? ) }
-    { "current-callback" "alien.private" "primitive_current_callback" ( -- n ) }
-    { "<array>" "arrays" "primitive_array" ( n elt -- array ) }
-    { "resize-array" "arrays" "primitive_resize_array" ( n array -- new-array ) }
-    { "(byte-array)" "byte-arrays" "primitive_uninitialized_byte_array" ( n -- byte-array ) }
-    { "<byte-array>" "byte-arrays" "primitive_byte_array" ( n -- byte-array ) }
-    { "resize-byte-array" "byte-arrays" "primitive_resize_byte_array" ( n byte-array -- new-byte-array ) }
-    { "<tuple-boa>" "classes.tuple.private" "primitive_tuple_boa" ( slots... layout -- tuple ) }
-    { "<tuple>" "classes.tuple.private" "primitive_tuple" ( layout -- tuple ) }
-    { "modify-code-heap" "compiler.units" "primitive_modify_code_heap" ( alist update-existing? reset-pics? -- ) }
-    { "lookup-method" "generic.single.private" "primitive_lookup_method" ( object methods -- method ) }
-    { "mega-cache-miss" "generic.single.private" "primitive_mega_cache_miss" ( methods index cache -- method ) }
-    { "(exists?)" "io.files.private" "primitive_existsp" ( path -- ? ) }
-    { "(fopen)" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fopen" ( path mode -- alien ) }
-    { "fclose" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fclose" ( alien -- ) }
-    { "fflush" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fflush" ( alien -- ) }
-    { "fgetc" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fgetc" ( alien -- byte/f ) }
-    { "fputc" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fputc" ( byte alien -- ) }
-    { "fread-unsafe" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fread" ( n buf alien -- count ) }
-    { "free-callback" "alien" "primitive_free_callback" ( alien -- ) }
-    { "fseek" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fseek" ( alien offset whence -- ) }
-    { "ftell" "io.streams.c" "primitive_ftell" ( alien -- n ) }
-    { "fwrite" "io.streams.c" "primitive_fwrite" ( data length alien -- ) }
-    { "(clone)" "kernel" "primitive_clone" ( obj -- newobj ) }
-    { "<wrapper>" "kernel" "primitive_wrapper" ( obj -- wrapper ) }
-
-    { "callstack>array" "kernel" "primitive_callstack_to_array" ( callstack -- array ) }
-    { "die" "kernel" "primitive_die" ( -- ) }
-    { "callstack-for" "kernel.private" "primitive_callstack_for" ( context -- array ) }
-    { "datastack-for" "kernel.private" "primitive_datastack_for" ( context -- array ) }
-    { "retainstack-for" "kernel.private" "primitive_retainstack_for" ( context -- array ) }
-    { "(identity-hashcode)" "kernel.private" "primitive_identity_hashcode" ( obj -- code ) }
-    { "become" "kernel.private" "primitive_become" ( old new -- ) }
-    { "callstack-bounds" "kernel.private" "primitive_callstack_bounds" ( -- start end ) }
-    { "check-datastack" "kernel.private" "primitive_check_datastack" ( array in# out# -- ? ) }
-    { "compute-identity-hashcode" "kernel.private" "primitive_compute_identity_hashcode" ( obj -- ) }
-    { "context-object" "kernel.private" "primitive_context_object" ( n -- obj ) }
-    { "innermost-frame-executing" "kernel.private" "primitive_innermost_stack_frame_executing" ( callstack -- obj ) }
-    { "innermost-frame-scan" "kernel.private" "primitive_innermost_stack_frame_scan" ( callstack -- n ) }
-    { "set-context-object" "kernel.private" "primitive_set_context_object" ( obj n -- ) }
-    { "set-datastack" "kernel.private" "primitive_set_datastack" ( array -- ) }
-    { "set-innermost-frame-quotation" "kernel.private" "primitive_set_innermost_stack_frame_quotation" ( n callstack -- ) }
-    { "set-retainstack" "kernel.private" "primitive_set_retainstack" ( array -- ) }
-    { "set-special-object" "kernel.private" "primitive_set_special_object" ( obj n -- ) }
-    { "special-object" "kernel.private" "primitive_special_object" ( n -- obj ) }
-    { "strip-stack-traces" "kernel.private" "primitive_strip_stack_traces" ( -- ) }
-    { "unimplemented" "kernel.private" "primitive_unimplemented" ( -- * ) }
-    { "load-locals" "locals.backend" "primitive_load_locals" ( ... n -- ) }
-    { "bits>double" "math" "primitive_bits_double" ( n -- x ) }
-    { "bits>float" "math" "primitive_bits_float" ( n -- x ) }
-    { "double>bits" "math" "primitive_double_bits" ( x -- n ) }
-    { "float>bits" "math" "primitive_float_bits" ( x -- n ) }
-    { "(format-float)" "math.parser.private" "primitive_format_float" ( n fill width precision format locale -- byte-array ) }
-    { "bignum*" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_multiply" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum+" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_add" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_subtract" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-bit?" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_bitp" ( x n -- ? ) }
-    { "bignum-bitand" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_and" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-bitnot" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_not" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "bignum-bitor" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_or" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-bitxor" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_xor" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-log2" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_log2" ( x -- n ) }
-    { "bignum-mod" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_mod" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-gcd" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_gcd" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum-shift" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_shift" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum/i" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_divint" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "bignum/mod" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_divmod" ( x y -- z w ) }
-    { "bignum<" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_less" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "bignum<=" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_lesseq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "bignum=" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_eq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "bignum>" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_greater" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "bignum>=" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_greatereq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "bignum>fixnum" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_to_fixnum" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "bignum>fixnum-strict" "math.private" "primitive_bignum_to_fixnum_strict" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "fixnum-shift" "math.private" "primitive_fixnum_shift" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum/i" "math.private" "primitive_fixnum_divint" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "fixnum/mod" "math.private" "primitive_fixnum_divmod" ( x y -- z w ) }
-    { "fixnum>bignum" "math.private" "primitive_fixnum_to_bignum" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "fixnum>float" "math.private" "primitive_fixnum_to_float" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "float*" "math.private" "primitive_float_multiply" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "float+" "math.private" "primitive_float_add" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "float-" "math.private" "primitive_float_subtract" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "float-u<" "math.private" "primitive_float_less" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float-u<=" "math.private" "primitive_float_lesseq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float-u>" "math.private" "primitive_float_greater" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float-u>=" "math.private" "primitive_float_greatereq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float/f" "math.private" "primitive_float_divfloat" ( x y -- z ) }
-    { "float<" "math.private" "primitive_float_less" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float<=" "math.private" "primitive_float_lesseq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float=" "math.private" "primitive_float_eq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float>" "math.private" "primitive_float_greater" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float>=" "math.private" "primitive_float_greatereq" ( x y -- ? ) }
-    { "float>bignum" "math.private" "primitive_float_to_bignum" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "float>fixnum" "math.private" "primitive_float_to_fixnum" ( x -- y ) }
-    { "all-instances" "memory" "primitive_all_instances" ( -- array ) }
-    { "(code-blocks)" "tools.memory.private" "primitive_code_blocks" ( -- array ) }
-    { "(code-room)" "tools.memory.private" "primitive_code_room" ( -- allocator-room ) }
-    { "compact-gc" "memory" "primitive_compact_gc" ( -- ) }
-    { "(callback-room)" "tools.memory.private" "primitive_callback_room" ( -- allocator-room ) }
-    { "(data-room)" "tools.memory.private" "primitive_data_room" ( -- data-room ) }
-    { "disable-gc-events" "tools.memory.private" "primitive_disable_gc_events" ( -- events ) }
-    { "enable-gc-events" "tools.memory.private" "primitive_enable_gc_events" ( -- ) }
-    { "gc" "memory" "primitive_full_gc" ( -- ) }
-    { "minor-gc" "memory" "primitive_minor_gc" ( -- ) }
-    { "size" "memory" "primitive_size" ( obj -- n ) }
-    { "(save-image)" "memory.private" "primitive_save_image" ( path1 path2 then-die? -- ) }
-    { "jit-compile" "quotations" "primitive_jit_compile" ( quot -- ) }
-    { "quotation-code" "quotations" "primitive_quotation_code" ( quot -- start end ) }
-    { "quotation-compiled?" "quotations" "primitive_quotation_compiled_p" ( quot -- ? ) }
-    { "array>quotation" "quotations.private" "primitive_array_to_quotation" ( array -- quot ) }
-    { "set-slot" "slots.private" "primitive_set_slot" ( value obj n -- ) }
-    { "<string>" "strings" "primitive_string" ( n ch -- string ) }
-    { "resize-string" "strings" "primitive_resize_string" ( n str -- newstr ) }
-    { "set-string-nth-fast" "strings.private" "primitive_set_string_nth_fast" ( ch n string -- ) }
-    { "(exit)" "system" "primitive_exit" ( n -- * ) }
-    { "nano-count" "system" "primitive_nano_count" ( -- ns ) }
-    { "(sleep)" "threads.private" "primitive_sleep" ( nanos -- ) }
-    { "context-object-for" "threads.private" "primitive_context_object_for" ( n context -- obj ) }
-    { "dispatch-stats" "tools.dispatch.private" "primitive_dispatch_stats" ( -- stats ) }
-    { "reset-dispatch-stats" "tools.dispatch.private" "primitive_reset_dispatch_stats" ( -- ) }
-    { "word-code" "words" "primitive_word_code" ( word -- start end ) }
-    { "word-optimized?" "words" "primitive_word_optimized_p" ( word -- ? ) }
-    { "(word)" "words.private" "primitive_word" ( name vocab hashcode -- word ) }
-    { "profiling" "tools.profiler.sampling.private" "primitive_sampling_profiler" ( n -- ) }
-    { "(get-samples)" "tools.profiler.sampling.private" "primitive_get_samples" ( -- samples/f ) }
-    { "disable-ctrl-break" "system" "primitive_disable_ctrl_break" ( -- ) }
-    { "enable-ctrl-break" "system" "primitive_enable_ctrl_break" ( -- ) }
-} [ first4 make-primitive ] each
+all-primitives create-primitives
 
 ! Bump build number
 "build" "kernel" create-word build 1 + [ ] curry ( -- n ) define-declared
diff --git a/core/math/parser/parser-tests.factor b/core/math/parser/parser-tests.factor
index 12cbd62659..24ccd1aab8 100644
--- a/core/math/parser/parser-tests.factor
+++ b/core/math/parser/parser-tests.factor
@@ -474,3 +474,16 @@ unit-test
 { "" } [
     33.4 "" 4 4 "f" "missing" format-float
 ] unit-test
+
+! Literal byte arrays are mutable, so (format-float) isn't foldable.
+: trouble ( -- str ba )
+    155000.0 B{ } -1 3 B{ 69 0 } [
+        B{ 67 0 } (format-float) >string
+    ] keep ;
+
+{
+    "1.55E+05"
+    "1.550e+05"
+} [
+    trouble CHAR: e 0 rot set-nth trouble drop
+] unit-test
diff --git a/core/quotations/quotations-tests.factor b/core/quotations/quotations-tests.factor
index b307f2cada..ac2e1e97a3 100644
--- a/core/quotations/quotations-tests.factor
+++ b/core/quotations/quotations-tests.factor
@@ -16,3 +16,13 @@ IN: quotations
 { [ "hi" ] } [ "hi" 1quotation ] unit-test
 
 [ 1 \ + curry ] must-fail
+
+: trouble ( -- arr quot ) { 123 } dup array>quotation ;
+
+{ 999 } [
+    ! Call the quotation which compiles it.
+    trouble call drop
+    ! Change the array used for it.
+    999 0 rot set-nth
+    trouble nip call
+] unit-test