diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/README b/extra/zoneinfo/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efe7a17f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/zoneinfo/README @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +README for the tz distribution + +"What time is it?" -- Richard Deacon as The King +"Any time you want it to be." -- Frank Baxter as The Scientist + (from the Bell System film "About Time") + +The Time Zone Database (called tz, tzdb or zoneinfo) contains code and +data that represent the history of local time for many representative +locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect +changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets, +and daylight-saving rules. + +See or the +file tz-link.html for how to acquire the code and data. Once acquired, +read the comments in the file 'Makefile' and make any changes needed +to make things right for your system, especially if you are using some +platform other than GNU/Linux. Then run the following commands, +substituting your desired installation directory for "$HOME/tzdir": + + make TOPDIR=$HOME/tzdir install + $HOME/tzdir/usr/bin/zdump -v America/Los_Angeles + +This database of historical local time information has several goals: + + * Provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time that + is useful even if not 100% accurate. + + * Give an idea of the variety of local time rules that have existed + in the past and thus may be expected in the future. + + * Test the generality of the local time rule description system. + +The information in the time zone data files is by no means authoritative; +fixes and enhancements are welcome. Please see the file CONTRIBUTING +for details. + +Thanks to these Time Zone Caballeros who've made major contributions to the +time conversion package: Keith Bostic; Bob Devine; Paul Eggert; Robert Elz; +Guy Harris; Mark Horton; John Mackin; and Bradley White. Thanks also to +Michael Bloom, Art Neilson, Stephen Prince, John Sovereign, and Frank Wales +for testing work, and to Gwillim Law for checking local mean time data. +Thanks in particular to Arthur David Olson, the project's founder and first +maintainer, to whom the time zone community owes the greatest debt of all. +None of them are responsible for remaining errors. + +----- + +This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by +Arthur David Olson. The other files in this distribution are either +public domain or BSD licensed; see the file LICENSE for details. diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/africa b/extra/zoneinfo/africa index 5f4f8ebc50..a83c3875ee 100644 --- a/extra/zoneinfo/africa +++ b/extra/zoneinfo/africa @@ -1,71 +1,67 @@ -# 
+# tzdb data for Africa and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
 #
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
+# European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
+# For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
-# for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
-# but Mark R V Murray reports that
-# `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
-# `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
-# `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
-# the area that includes Nigeria is ``West Africa''.
-# He has heard of ``Western Sahara Time'' for +0:00 but can find no reference.
+# for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
+# but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
+# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
+# 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
+# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
+# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
 #
-# To make things confusing, `WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
-# I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
-# and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
-# This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
-# mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
+# To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
+#	 +00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
+#	 +02	CAT	Central Africa Time
+#	 +02	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
+# and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
+#	 +01	WAT	West Africa Time
+# Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
+# I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
+# cannot now come up with solid citations.
 #
-# To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
-#	-1:00	WAT	West Africa Time (no longer used)
-#	 0:00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
-#	 2:00	CAT	Central Africa Time
-#	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
-# and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
-#	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time
-# I realize that this leads to `WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
-# for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
-# until we get more information.
-#
-# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
-#	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
-#	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)
-#	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
-#	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
-#	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
-#	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
-#	 4:00	EAST	East Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
+# I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
+#	 +02	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	EAT	East Africa Time
+# 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
+# the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
+# they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
+# Corrections are welcome.
 
 # Algeria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -94,9 +90,9 @@ Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25 2:00
+Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
 			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
 			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
@@ -106,92 +102,70 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
 			1:00	-	CET
 
 # Angola
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
-			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time
-			1:00	-	WAT
-
 # Benin
-# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912
-			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Botswana
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
-# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
-			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Burkina Faso
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Burundi
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Cameroon
-# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
-# Cape Verde
+# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
+# For now, ignore that and follow the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon).
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907			# Praia
-			-2:00	-	CVT	1942 Sep
-			-2:00	1:00	CVST	1945 Oct 15
-			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25 2:00
-			-1:00	-	CVT
+Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1912 Jan 01  2:00u # Praia
+			-2:00	-	-02	1942 Sep
+			-2:00	1:00	-01	1945 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	-02	1975 Nov 25  2:00
+			-1:00	-	-01
 
 # Central African Republic
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Chad
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912
+Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
 			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
 			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Comoros
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul   # Moroni, Gran Comoro
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
-# Democratic Republic of Congo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
-			1:00	-	WAT
-Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo
+# See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
 
 # Republic of the Congo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
-# Cote D'Ivoire
+# Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 
 # Djibouti
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -231,30 +205,26 @@ Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
 #
 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
-# 
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
-# 
 # or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
-# 
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
-Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
-Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
@@ -288,15 +258,9 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 #
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
-# [1] 
-# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
-# 
-# [2] 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
-# 
-# [3] 
-# http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
-# 
+# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
+# [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
@@ -306,14 +270,10 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
 #
 # The Middle East News Agency
-# 
-# http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
-# 
+# https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
@@ -321,116 +281,193 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # (at least today).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
-# According to News from Egypt -  Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
+# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
 # Ramadan.
 #
 # Arabic translation:
-# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan--and then forward again"
-# 
+# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
-# 
 
-Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	10	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
+# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
+
+# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
+# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
+
+# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
+# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
+# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
+# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
+# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
+# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
+# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
+# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
+# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
+# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
+# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
+# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
+# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
+# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
+# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
+# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
+# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
+# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
+# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
+# Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
+# dates not yet announced....
+# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
+
+# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
+# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
+# least for 2015.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
+# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
+# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
+# practice altogether in future years."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
+# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
+# decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
+# Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
+# From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
+# Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
+
+Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
-			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Eritrea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
-			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890	      # Asmara Mean Time
-			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
-			3:00	-	EAT
-
 # Ethiopia
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time zones
-# between 1870 and 1890, and that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in 1890.
-# We'll guess that 38E50 is for Adis Dera.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
-			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+#
+# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
+# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
+# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time.  See:
+# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
+# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
+# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
 
 # Gabon
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Gambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935	# Banjul Mean Time
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Ghana
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-30):
+# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942 with 20 minutes of DST,
+# with transitions on 09-01 and 12-31 at 00:00.
+# Page 33 of Parish GCB, Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 1066. Gold
+# Coast. Report for 1919. (March 1921), OCLC 784024077
+# http://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1919/5530214_1919_opt.pdf
+# lists the Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919, No. 18,
+# "to advance the time observed locally by the space of twenty minutes
+# during the last four months of each year; the object in view being
+# to extend during those months the period of daylight-time available
+# for evening recreation after office hours."
+# Vanessa Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950 (2015), p 33,
+# writes "In 1919, the Gold Coast (Ghana as of 1957) made Greenwich
+# time its legal time and simultaneously legalized a summer time of
+# UTC - 00:20 minutes from March to October."; a footnote lists
+# the ordinance as being dated 1919-11-24.
+# The Crown Colonist, Volume 12 (1942), p 176, says "the Government
+# intend advancing Gold Coast time half an hour ahead of G.M.T.
+# The actual date of the alteration has not yet been announced."
+# These sources are incomplete and contradictory.  Possibly what is
+# now Ghana observed different DST regimes in different years.  For
+# lack of better info, use Shanks except treat the minus sign as a
+# typo, and assume DST started in 1920 not 1936.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to ``the present'';
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	-
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
-			 0:00	Ghana	%s
+			 0:00	Ghana	GMT/+0020
 
 # Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1975
+Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
+			-1:00	-	-01	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Kenya
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
+			2:30	-	+0230	1940
+			2:45	-	+0245	1960
 			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa	 # Ethiopia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara	 # Eritrea
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala	 # Uganda
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu	 # Somalia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo	 # Madagascar
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 
 # Lesotho
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
-			2:00	-	SAST
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Liberia
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
-# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
-# Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
-# Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
-# Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
+#
+# The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
+#
+# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
+# that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.  The 1972 change was on
+# 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
+# Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
+# President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
+# Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
+#
+# Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
+# abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
-			-0:44:30 -	LRT	1972 May # Liberia Time
+			-0:44:30 -	MMT	1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -439,11 +476,11 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 
 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
-# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 #
 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
-# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
@@ -451,6 +488,14 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
 
+# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
+# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
+# cancelled yesterday....
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -467,45 +512,30 @@ Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Libya	2013	max	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	2013	max	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
 # The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
-# the IATA SSIM data contain some obvious errors.
+# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10 2:00
-			1:00	Libya	CE%sT
+			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
+			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
-			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Malawi
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Mali
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
-			 0:00	-	GMT
-
 # Mauritania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Mauritius
 
@@ -514,7 +544,7 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # basis....
 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
@@ -529,9 +559,7 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
 # According to
-# 
 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
-# 
 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
@@ -546,22 +574,17 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
 # Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
-# time:  Energy conservation?"-# No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
+# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
 #
 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
-# de l'heure d'ete" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
-# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one.
-# ...
-# 
+# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
+# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
-# 
 
 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
-# 
 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
 #
 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
@@ -571,33 +594,25 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
-# year 2008 - 2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
+# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
 # and end on 29 March 2009.
 
 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
 # DST the coming summer...
 #
 # Some sources, in French:
-# 
 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
-# 
-# 
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
@@ -605,23 +620,21 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
-Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907		# Port Louis
-			4:00 Mauritius	MU%sT	# Mauritius Time
+Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
+			4:00 Mauritius	+04/+05
 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 
 # Mayotte
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Morocco
-# See the `europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
+# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
@@ -629,69 +642,44 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 #
 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
-# Communication Minister and Gov ernment Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
+# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
-# 
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
-# 
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe Presse:
-# 
+# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
+# Presse:
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
-# 
 #
 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
 # spokesman.
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
-# 
-# http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
-# 
-# (and republished here:
-# 
-# http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html
-# 
-# )
-# the changes occurs at midnight:
+# https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
+# (and republished here: )
+# the changes occur at midnight:
 #
-# saturday night may 31st at midnight (which in french is to be
-# intrepreted as the night between saturday and sunday)
-# sunday night the 28th  at midnight
+# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
+# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
+# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
 #
-# Seeing that the 28th is monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
-# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between sunday and
-# monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
-# june1st to sept 27th.
+# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
+# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
+# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
+# June 1st to Sept 27th.
 #
 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
 # published on the web.
 #
 # It's also confirmed here:
-# 
 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
-# 
-# on a government portal as being  between june 1st and sept 27th (not yet
-# posted in english).
+# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
+# posted in English).
 #
-# The following google query will generate many relevant hits:
-# 
-# http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
-# 
-
-# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# Is Western Sahara (part which administrated by Morocco) going to follow
-# Morocco DST changes?  Any information?  What about other part of
-# Western Sahara - under administration of POLISARIO Front (also named
-# SADR Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic)?
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-09):
-# XXX--guess that it is only Morocco for now; guess only 2008 for now.
+# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
+# https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
@@ -699,47 +687,32 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # of September:
 #
 # One article about it (in French):
-# 
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
-# 
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
 # to many sources, such as
-# 
 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
-# 
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
-# Ministere de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
+# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
 #
-# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 june 1967)
+# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
@@ -747,51 +720,33 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
 #
 # Example:
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
-# 
 # (French)
 # Our page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
-# The 3rd april 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd april 1:00:00
-# The 31th july 2011 at 00:59:59,  [it] will be 31th July 00:00:00
+# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
+# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
 # ...Official links of change in morocco
 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
 # +212.537.71.84.00
-# 
 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
-# 
 # They said that
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
-# 
 # is the official publication to look at.
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
-# 
-# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-lev
-# 
-# e.html
-# 
+# https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
-# anche-prochain-5538.html
-# 
 
 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
 # They have it written in English here:
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
-# 
 #
 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
@@ -799,20 +754,16 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # also been like that in the past.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
-# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
-# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
-# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
-# 
+# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
+# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
+# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
-# 
 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
 # except the month of Ramadan.
 # or (brief)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
 # The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
@@ -823,17 +774,13 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 
 # From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
 # Seen Morocco change again:
-# 
 # http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
-# 
-# "...à partir du dernier dimance d'avril et non fins mars,
-# comme annoncé précédemment."
+# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
+# comme annoncé précédemment."
 
 # From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
 # The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
-# 
 #
 # Google translation, lightly edited:
 # Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
@@ -851,105 +798,233 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
 # announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
 # 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
-# .
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
+
+# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
+# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
+# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
+# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
+# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
+# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
+# source (French):
+# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
+# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
+# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
+
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
+# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
+# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
+# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
+
+# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
+# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
+# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
+# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
+# 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
+# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
+# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
+# Source (french):
+# https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
 #
-# To estimate what the Moroccan government will do in future years,
-# transition dates for 2013 through 2021 were determined by running
-# the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3:
+# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
 #
-# (let ((islamic-year 1434))
-#   (while (< islamic-year 1444)
-#     (let ((a
-#	     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
-#	      (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year))))
-#	    (b
-#	     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
-#	      (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))))
-#	(insert
-#	 (format
-#	  (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t %2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
-#		  "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t %2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
-#	  (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
-#	  (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
+# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
+# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
+# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
+#  agrees
+# with the patch.
+
+# From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
+# Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
+# of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
+# From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
+# http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
+#
+# From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
+# We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
+# the week end after....  The government does not announce yet the decision
+# about this temporary change.  But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
+# as in previous years.  An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
+# that 64% of asked peopke are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
+# https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-01):
+# For now, guess that Morocco will fall back at 03:00 the last Sunday
+# before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the first Sunday after
+# Ramadan, as this has been the practice since 2012.  To implement this,
+# transition dates for 2019 through 2037 were determined by running the
+# following program under GNU Emacs 26.1.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1440))
+#   (require 'cal-islam)
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (sunday 0))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t-1:00\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t0\t-\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
 #     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
-#
-# with the results hand-edited for 2020-2022, when the normal spring-forward
-# date falls during the estimated Ramadan.
-#
-# From 2023 through 2038 Ramadan is not predicted to overlap with
-# daylight saving time.  Starting in 2039 there will be overlap again,
-# but 32-bit time_t values roll around in 2038 so for now do not worry
-# about dates after 2038.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-
-Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	 21	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	 31	 0	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	2019	-	Apr	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2012	max	-	Sep	 lastSun 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	 20	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	 20	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	  9	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	  8	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	 29	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jul	 29	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	 18	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	 18	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	  7	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	  7	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	 27	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jun	 26	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	 16	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	 15	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	  6	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	  5	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	 24	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	 13	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	  3	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2023	max	-	Apr	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	2018	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2018	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	24	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Feb	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Mar	22	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Feb	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Mar	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Jan	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Jan	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Jan	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Jan	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Nov	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Dec	25	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Nov	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Dec	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
-			 1:00	-	CET	1986
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	+01	1986
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
+
 # Western Sahara
-Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1976 Apr 14
-			 0:00	-	WET
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
+# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
+# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
+# Morocco does.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
+# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
+# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
+
+Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
+			-1:00	-	-01	1976 Apr 14
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
 
 # Mozambique
+#
+# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre	# Malawi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura	# Burundi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone	# Botswana
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare	# Zimbabwe
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
+
 
 # Namibia
-# The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 
-# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30) in
-# :
+# From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
+# The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
+# www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
+# and includes this nugget:
+# Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
+# first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
+# commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
+# Sunday 4 September 1994.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
+# ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
+# (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...
+
+# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
+# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
@@ -957,43 +1032,87 @@ Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 # of the country.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
-# Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
-# we have no details.  In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
+# Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
+# observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
+# In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
+# See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
+# https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
+# Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# This video is from the government decision:
+# https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
+# We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
+# the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
+# Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
+# However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST.  See, e.g.:
+# http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
+# https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
+# with Namibia's neighbors.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
+Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
+Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	-1:00	WAT
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	WAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	CAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	WAT
+# End of rearguard section.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
-			1:30	-	SWAT	1903 Mar	# SW Africa Time
-			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21 2:00
+			1:30	-	+0130	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
-			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Apr  3
-			1:00	Namibia	WA%sT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			2:00	Namibia	%s
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Mar 21  0:00
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
+# The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24.  See:
+# http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
+#			1:00	Namibia	%s	2017 Oct 24
+#			2:00	-	CAT
+# End of rearguard section.
 
 # Niger
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1934 Feb 26
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
-			 1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Nigeria
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
 			1:00	-	WAT
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui	     # Central African Republic
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala	     # Cameroon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda	     # Angola
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo	     # Equatorial Guinea
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey	     # Niger
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
 
-# Reunion
+# Réunion
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
-			4:00	-	RET	# Reunion Time
+Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
+			4:00	-	+04
 #
-# Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
+# Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
-# Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
-# no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# Îles Éparses (, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
@@ -1003,38 +1122,40 @@ Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # St Helena
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
-			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951	# Jamestown Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
-#	Ascension: on GMT, says usno1995 and the CIA
+#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
 #	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
 #		on GMT, says the CIA
-#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: no information, but probably GMT
+#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
+
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
+
+# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
+# Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
+# they entered the year 2018.
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
+# the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
+# http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
 
-# Sao Tome and Principe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912	# Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	-	GMT	2018 Jan  1 01:00
+			 1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Senegal
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Seychelles
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
-			4:00	-	SCT	# Seychelles Time
+Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun # Victoria
+			4:00	-	+04
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
@@ -1043,24 +1164,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
-			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
-			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
-			 0:00	SL	%s
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Somalia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
-			3:00	-	EAT	1931
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1957
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # South Africa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1070,19 +1177,32 @@ Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Swaziland
+#
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
 # scientific station since 1947
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
-#
-# From 
-# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13)
-# , also reported by Michael De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+
+# From 
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
+# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
+
+# From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
+# ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
+# to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
+# year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
+# Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
@@ -1091,34 +1211,28 @@ Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+			3:00	-	EAT	2017 Nov  1
+			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # South Sudan
-Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:24 -	LMT	1931
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Swaziland
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	SAST
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Tanzania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
-			3:00	-	EAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Togo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
-			0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Tunisia
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
-# My correspondent, Risto Nykanen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
+# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
 # this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
 # , in a story attributed to AP
 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
@@ -1127,8 +1241,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # Saturday."  (My translation)
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
-# LaPresse, the first national daily newspaper ...
-# 
+# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
+# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
 # 1h standard time.
 #
@@ -1141,18 +1255,12 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
-# 
-# 
-# http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
-# 
+# https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
@@ -1160,20 +1268,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
 #
 # (in English)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
-# 
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
-# 
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009--3-18):
-# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is due to the fact
-# that the fasting month of ramadan coincides with the period concerned by summer time.
-# Therefore, the standard time will be kept unchanged the whole year long."
-# So foregoing DST seems to be an exception (albeit one that may be repeated in the  future).
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
+# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
+# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
+# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
+# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
+# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
@@ -1185,12 +1290,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
-# 
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1225,23 +1326,12 @@ Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
 
 # Uganda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1930
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Zambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
-
 # Zimbabwe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica b/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica
index d55924bddf..1dd9b004f7 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica
@@ -1,101 +1,35 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Antarctica and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
-# 
 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
-# 
+# http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/
 # and
-# 
 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
-# 
+# http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm
 # for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
-#
-# Except for the French entries,
-# I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
-# FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-# N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
-# which is used below in specifying the transition.
-Rule	ChileAQ	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-
-# These rules are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# FORMAT is '-00' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
 # Argentina - year-round bases
 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
-# Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
-# Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
-# Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
-# San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
+# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
 #	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 
 # Australia - territories
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
-#	
 #	Margaret Turner reports
-#	 (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	https://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UT +05, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
@@ -112,20 +46,13 @@ Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 #
 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
-# 
 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
-# 
 #
 # We have more background information here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
-# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
-# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
-# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
-# on 4 April.
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
 #
 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
@@ -136,115 +63,117 @@ Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 #
 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 #
-# In addition to the Rule changes for Casey/Davis, it means that Macquarie
-# will no longer be like Hobart and will have to have its own Zone created.
-#
 # Background:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-10-28):
+# Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time
+# zone to UTC+11 in "the morning of 22nd October 2016".
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969
-			8:00	-	WST	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Western (Aus) Standard Time
-			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar 5 2:00
-						# Casey Time
-			8:00	-	WST	2011 Oct 28 2:00
-			11:00	-	CAST	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
-			8:00	-	WST
-Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13
-			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
-			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb
-			7:00	-	DAVT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-			5:00	-	DAVT	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
-			7:00	-	DAVT	2011 Oct 28 2:00
-			5:00	-	DAVT	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
-			7:00	-	DAVT
-Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
-			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Mawson Time
-			5:00	-	MAWT
-Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1911
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	AusAQ	EST	1967
-			10:00	ATAQ	EST	2010 Apr 4 3:00
-			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie Island Time
+Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	-00	1969
+			8:00	-	+08	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2010 Mar  5  2:00
+			8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
+			8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
+			11:00	-	+11	2018 Mar 11  4:00
+			8:00	-	+08
+Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
+			7:00	-	+07	1964 Nov
+			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
+			7:00	-	+07	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
+			7:00	-	+07	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
+			7:00	-	+07
+Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	-00	1954 Feb 13
+			6:00	-	+06	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
 # References:
-# 
 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html
 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html
 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html
+
+# Belgium - year-round base
+# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007
 
 # Brazil - year-round base
-# Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+
+# Bulgaria - year-round base
+# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988
 
 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
-# Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
-# General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
-# Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
+# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
-# These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
+# These locations employ Region of Magallanes time; use
+# TZ='America/Punta_Arenas'.
 
 # China - year-round bases
 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 
-# France - year-round bases
+# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
-# Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
+# Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
-# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
-# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
+# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
+# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
 # from Tasmania.
 #
 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 #
-# Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
-# Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
-# Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
+# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
+#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
+#	see Indian/Reunion.
+#
+# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
+# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 #	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 #
 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
 #	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
-			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	-00	1950 # Port-aux-Français
+			5:00	-	+05
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
-# Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+#  (2005-12-05)
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
-			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
-			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
-			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
-# Reference:
-# 
-# Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
-# 
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
+			10:00	-	+10	1952 Jan 14
+			0	-	-00	1956 Nov
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+# France & Italy - year-round base
+# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
 
 # Germany - year-round base
-# Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
+# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009
 
-# India - year-round base
-# Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
+# India - year-round bases
+# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
+# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989
+
+# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
+# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986
 
 # Japan - year-round bases
-# Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
-# Syowa, -690022+0393524
+# Syowa (also known as Showa), -690022+0393524, since 1957
 #
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
@@ -253,14 +182,14 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 # was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
 # station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
-			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	+03
 # See:
-# 
 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
-# 
+# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
+# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 
 # New Zealand - claims
@@ -268,29 +197,50 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 #
 # year-round base
-# Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.
-#
-# These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NZAQ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
 
 # Norway - territories
 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
 #
 # claims
 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tz 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	+01
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	+02
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	+01
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	+00
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	+00
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	-00	2005 Feb 12
+			0:00	Troll	%s
 
 # Poland - year-round base
 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 
+# Romania - year-bound base
+# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986
+
 # Russia - year-round bases
 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
@@ -300,37 +250,40 @@ Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 #	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 
 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
-# 
-# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 #
 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 # what they had to say about time there:
-# ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
-# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
-# in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
+# in person.  He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
 # happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
-# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
+# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess +06.
 #
-Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
-			6:00	-	VOST	# Vostok time
+Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	-00	1957 Dec 16
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 # S Africa - year-round bases
 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
-# Sanae, -7141-00250
+# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997
 
-# UK
+# Ukraine - year-round base
+# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954
+
+# United Kingdom
 #
 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 # South Orkney Islands
@@ -353,8 +306,8 @@ Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
 #  says Rothera is -03 all year.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
-			-3:00	-	ROTT	# Rothera time
+Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	-00	1976 Dec  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Uruguay - year round base
 # Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
@@ -362,31 +315,10 @@ Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
 # USA - year-round bases
 #
 # Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+# See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, since it uses South American DST.
 #
-# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
-# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
-# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
-# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
-# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
-# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
-#
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
-			-4:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1982 May
-			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT
-#
-#
-# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
-			12:00	NZAQ	NZ%sT
-#
-# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
-# larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
+# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 #
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
@@ -394,7 +326,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
-# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
+# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 Degrees South.)
 #
 # From Susan Smith
 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
@@ -408,4 +340,4 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 #
-Link	Antarctica/McMurdo	Antarctica/South_Pole
+# See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/asia b/extra/zoneinfo/asia
index 1f09fa35a5..31652031a7 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/asia
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/asia
@@ -1,91 +1,93 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Asia and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
 #
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
+# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
-# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
-# Corrections are welcome!
+# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
+# (corrections are welcome):
 #	     std  dst
 #	     LMT	Local Mean Time
 #	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
 #	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
-#	3:00 AST  ADT	Arabia*
-#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran
-#	4:00 GST	Gulf*
 #	5:30 IST	India
-#	7:00 ICT	Indochina*
-#	7:00 WIT	west Indonesia
-#	8:00 CIT	central Indonesia
+#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
 #	8:00 CST	China
-#	9:00 CJT	Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
-#	9:00 EIT	east Indonesia
+#	8:00 PST  PDT*	Philippine Standard Time
+#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830
+#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
 #	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
-#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea
-#	9:30 CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
+#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
+#	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time
+# *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
+# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
+# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
+# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
+# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
-# Worldwide Edition).  The names for time zones are guesses.
+# Worldwide Edition).
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
-Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	23:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # Afghanistan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
-			4:00	-	AFT	1945
-			4:30	-	AFT
+			4:00	-	+04	1945
+			4:30	-	+0430
 
 # Armenia
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -112,38 +114,46 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 # or
 # (brief)
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24 2:00s
-			4:00	-	AMT	1997
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	2012 Mar 25 2:00s
-			4:00	-	AMT
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
+			4:00	-	+04	1997
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2011
+			4:00	Armenia	+04/+05
 
 # Azerbaijan
+
 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
-# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
+# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
+# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
+# daylight saving time....
+# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
+# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
+# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
-			4:00	-	AZT	1996 # Azerbaijan time
-			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997
-			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
+			4:00	-	+04	1996
+			4:00	EUAsia	+04/+05	1997
+			4:00	Azer	+04/+05
 
 # Bahrain
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
-			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Qatar.
 
 # Bangladesh
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
@@ -151,13 +161,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 #
 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
-# 
 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
-# 
 #
 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 # June
@@ -172,17 +177,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 #
 # Some sources:
-# 
-# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
-# 
-# 
+# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 
 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
@@ -197,13 +196,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 #
 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
@@ -212,22 +206,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 #
 # One of many places where it is published:
-# 
 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 #
 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
-# 
-# and
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
-# 
 #
 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
@@ -237,33 +224,27 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	23:59	0	-
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
 			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
-			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
-			6:30	-	BURT	1951 Sep 30
-			6:00	-	DACT	1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
-			6:00	-	BDT	2009
-			6:00	Dhaka	BD%sT
+			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May 15
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
+			6:30	-	+0630	1951 Sep 30
+			6:00	-	+06	2009
+			6:00	Dhaka	+06/+07
 
 # Bhutan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
-			5:30	-	IST	1987 Oct
-			6:00	-	BTT	# Bhutan Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1987 Oct
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
@@ -273,48 +254,73 @@ Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
-			5:00	-	IOT	1996 # BIOT Time
-			6:00	-	IOT
+			5:00	-	+05	1996
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 # Brunei
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar   # Bandar Seri Begawan
-			7:30	-	BNT	1933
-			8:00	-	BNT
+Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
+			7:30	-	+0730	1933
+			8:00	-	+08
 
 # Burma / Myanmar
 
 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
+# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
+# of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
+# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880		# or Yangon
-			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920	   # Rangoon Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May   # Burma Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 May 3
-			6:30	-	MMT		   # Myanmar Time
+Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
+			6:24:47	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon local time
+			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 May  3
+			6:30	-	+0630
 
 # Cambodia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
 
 # China
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
+# The following comes from Table 1 of:
+# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
+# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
+# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
+# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
+# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Nov	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1942	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1945	only	-	Sep	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Oct	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan
+
 # From Guy Harris:
 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
-# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
-# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 #
 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
-# painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
+# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 #
 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
@@ -324,31 +330,47 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that China (except for Hong Kong and Macau)
-# has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1, observing summer DST
-# from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
-# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger for now.  I made up names for the other
-# pre-1980 time zones.
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+
+# From P Chan (2018-05-07):
+# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
+# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
+# Government notices about summer time:
+#
+# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
+# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
+# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
+#
+# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
+# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
+#
+# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
+# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
+# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
+#
+# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
+# (To suspend summer time from 1992)
+#
+# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
+# to begin on 17 April.
+# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	0:00	0	S
-Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
-# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
+# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
@@ -357,65 +379,96 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
-# I just now checked Google News for western news sources that talk
-# about China's single time zone, and couldn't find anything before 1986
-# talking about China being in one time zone.  (That article was: Jim
-# Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
-# time--sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05.  By the way, this
-# article confirms the tz database's data claiming that China began
-# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 #
-# From Thomas S. Mullaney (2008-02-11):
-# I think you're combining two subjects that need to treated
-# separately: daylight savings (which, you're correct, wasn't
-# implemented until the 1980s) and the unified time zone centered near
-# Beijing (which was implemented in 1949). Briefly, there was also a
-# "Lhasa Time" in Tibet and "Urumqi Time" in Xinjiang. The first was
-# ceased, and the second eventually recognized (again, in the 1980s).
+# (1)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# There seems to be a good chance China switched to a single time zone in 1949
-# rather than in 1980 as Shanks & Pottenger have it, but we don't have a
-# reliable documentary source saying so yet, so for now we still go with
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+#     the official calendar book of 1914.
+#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
+#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+#     became used by railways as well.
+#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
+#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
+#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+#     Japanese-occupied territory.
+#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
+#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
-Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928 # or Haerbin
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
-			8:00	-	CST	1940
-			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
 # most of China
-# Milne gives 8:05:56.7; round to nearest.
-Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:57	-	LMT	1928
-			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
-# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
-Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chungking
-			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
+# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
+# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
+# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
-# east Xinjiang, including Urumqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
-Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
-			6:00	-	URUT	1980 May # Urumqi Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Kunlun Time
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
+# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
@@ -430,11 +483,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 #
 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
-# hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
+# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
-# local governments such as the Urumqi city government use both times in
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
-# "Urumqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 #
 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
@@ -446,21 +499,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
-#
-# ...an example of an official website using of Urumqi time.
-#
-# The first few lines of the Google translation of
-# 
-# http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39
-# 
-# (retrieved 2009-10-13)
-# > Urumqi fire seven people are missing the alleged losses of at least
-# > 500 million yuan
-# >
-# > (Reporter Dong Liu) the day before 20:20 or so (Urumqi Time 18:20),
-# > Urumqi City Department of International Plaza Luther Qiantang River
-# > burst fire. As of yesterday, 18:30, Urumqi City Fire officers and men
-# > have worked continuously for 22 hours...
 
 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
@@ -471,7 +509,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # 3. Urumqi...
 # 4. Kashgar...
 # ...
-# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Urumqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 #
@@ -483,10 +521,55 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 
-Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
-			5:30	-	KAST	1940	 # Kashgar Time
-			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
+# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+#  (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# +08 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 
 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
@@ -501,18 +584,84 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 # obtained from
-# 
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# .
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# According to Singaporean newspaper
+# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
+# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
+# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
+# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
+# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
+# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
+# 
+# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
+# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
+# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+#
+# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
+# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
+# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
+# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
+# page 4 
+# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
+# ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
+# of broadcasting the new local time.
+#
+# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
+# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
+# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
+# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
+# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# See  for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
+# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
+# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
+# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
+# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
+# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
+# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
+# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
+# before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
+# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
+# period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
+# same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
+# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
+# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
+# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
+# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
+# captured by Japan.
+#
+# Image of related sections on newspaper:
+# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
+#   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
+# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
+#   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
+# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
+# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
+# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
+# Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
+# over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
+# be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 # Here are the dates given at
-# 
-# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# 
-# as of 2009-10-28:
+# https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+# as of 2014-06-19:
 # Year        Period
-# 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
+# 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
 # 1942        Whole year
 # 1943        Whole year
 # 1944        Whole year
@@ -523,7 +672,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
-# 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
+# 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
@@ -552,25 +701,25 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # 1978        Nil
 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 # 1980 to Now Nil
-# The page does not give start or end times of day.
-# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
-# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
-# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
-# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
-# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
+# The page does not give times of day for transitions,
+# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
+# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
+# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
+# Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
+# in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
+# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
+# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
+# transition times.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Apr	1	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Sep	30	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	20	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1948	1951	-	Oct	lastSun	3:30	0	-
-Rule	HK	1952	only	-	Oct	25	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1952	1953	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	HK	1953	only	-	Nov	1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1954	only	-	Oct	31	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1955	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
@@ -580,44 +729,124 @@ Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
-			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1941 Dec 25
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 15
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30  0:36:42
+			8:00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:30
+			8:00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
+			8:30	-	HKT	1941 Dec 25
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 16
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Taiwan
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
-# was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
-# have any other information.
-
 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
-# According to Taiwan's CWB,
-# 
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
-# 
 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2010-04-07):
-# Here's Google's translation of the table at the bottom of the "summert.htm" page:
-# Decade 	                                                    Name                      Start and end date
-# Republic of China 34 years to 40 years (AD 1945-1951 years) Summer Time               May 1 to September 30
-# 41 years of the Republic of China (AD 1952)                 Daylight Saving Time      March 1 to October 31
-# Republic of China 42 years to 43 years (AD 1953-1954 years) Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to October 31
-# In the 44 years to 45 years (AD 1955-1956 years)            Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 46 years to 48 years (AD 1957-1959)       Summer Time               April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 49 years to 50 years (AD 1960-1961)       Summer Time               June 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 51 years to 62 years (AD 1962-1973 years) Stop Summer Time
-# Republic of China 63 years to 64 years (1974-1975 AD)       Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 65 years to 67 years (1976-1978 AD)       Stop Daylight Saving Time
-# Republic of China 68 years (AD 1979)                        Daylight Saving Time      July 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China since 69 years (AD 1980)                  Stop Daylight Saving Time
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
+# back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -625,41 +854,176 @@ Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	CST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
+#
+# From P Chan (2018-05-10):
+# * LegisMac
+#   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
+#   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
+#   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
+#   searching decrees about summer time.
+# * Archives of Macao
+#   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
+#   It contains images of old official gazettes.
+# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
+#   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
+#   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
+# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
+# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
+# +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
+# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
+# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
+#
+# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
+#
+# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
+# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
+#	DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
+#	DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
+#	DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
+#	PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
+#	PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
+#	PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
+#	PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
+#	PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
+#	PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
+#	PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
+#	PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
+#	PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
+#	PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
+#	PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
+#	PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
+#	PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
+#	PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
+#	PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
+#	PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
+#	PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
+#	PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
+#	PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
+#	PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
+#	PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
+#	PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
+#	PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
+#	PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
+#	PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
+#	PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
+#	PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
+#	PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
+#	PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
+#	PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
+#	PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
+#	PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
+#	PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
+#	PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
+#	PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
+#	PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
+#	PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
+#	PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
+#	PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
+#	PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
+#	PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
+#	PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
+#	PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
+#	PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
+#	PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
+#	PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
+#	PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
+#	PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
+#	PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
+#	PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
+#	PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
+#	PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
+#	PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
+#	PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
+#	PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
+#	PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
+#	PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
+#	PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
+#	PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
+#	PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
+#	PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
+#	PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
+#	PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
+#	PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
+#	PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
+#	PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
+#	PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
+# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
+# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
+# between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
+# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
+# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Macau	1961	1962	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1961	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1963	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1964	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Oct	31	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1972	1974	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1972	1973	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1974	1977	-	Oct	Sun>=15	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Apr	30	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Sep	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Apr	19	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Nov	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	May	 2	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	Oct	31	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Mar	31	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Oct	28	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1952	1953	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1952	only	-	Nov	 1	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1953	1954	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1954	1956	-	Mar	Sat>=17	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1955	only	-	Nov	 5	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1956	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1957	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1973	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=16	02:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1967	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1973	only	-	Dec	30	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1975	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	May	13	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
-			8:00	Macau	MO%sT	1999 Dec 20 # return to China
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+			8:00	-	CST	1941 Dec 21 23:00
+			9:00	Macau	+09/+10	1945 Sep 30 24:00
+			8:00	Macau	C%sT
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Cyprus
-#
+
 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
+# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
+# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
 #
+# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
+# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
+# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
+# Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
+# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
@@ -674,7 +1038,11 @@ Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
 			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
 			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
-# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+Zone	Asia/Famagusta	2:15:48	-	LMT	1921 Nov 14
+			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT	2016 Sep  8
+			3:00	-	+03	2017 Oct 29 1:00u
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
 
 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
@@ -698,7 +1066,7 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
-# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
 # of integration into Europe.
 
 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
@@ -711,29 +1079,30 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
 
+# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:59:16	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
-			3:00	-	TBIT	1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			3:00	1:00	TBIST	1991 Apr  9 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992 # Georgia Time
-			3:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1994 Sep lastSun
-			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1996 Oct lastSun
-			4:00	1:00	GEST	1997 Mar lastSun
-			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	2004 Jun 27
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT	2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
-			4:00	-	GET
+Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
+			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04	1992
+			3:00 E-EurAsia	+03/+04	1994 Sep lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	1996 Oct lastSun
+			4:00	1:00	+05	1997 Mar lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	2004 Jun 27
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
+			4:00	-	+04
 
 # East Timor
 
 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
 
-# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
-# 
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
-#  (1999-12-26/31):
+#  (1999-12-26/31):
 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
@@ -743,39 +1112,102 @@ Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
 
-# 
 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
-# (2000-08-16):
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912
-			8:00	-	TLT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			9:00	-	TLT	1976 May  3
-			8:00	-	CIT	2000 Sep 17 00:00
-			9:00	-	TLT
+Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb 21 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1976 May  3
+			8:00	-	+08	2000 Sep 17  0:00
+			9:00	-	+09
 
 # India
+
+# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
+# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
+# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
+# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
+# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
+# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
+# that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+
+# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
+# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
+# (2015-12-22):
+# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
+# outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
+# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
+# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
+# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
+# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
+# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
+# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
+# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
+# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
+# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
+# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
+# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
+# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
+# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
+# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
+# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
+# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
+# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
+#
+# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
+# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
+# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
+# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
+# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
+# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
+#
+# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
+# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
+# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
+# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
+# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
+# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
+# government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
+# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
+# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
+# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
+# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
+# time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
+# 1941-1945 data.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
-			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
+Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1870	    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			5:21:10	-	MMT	1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
+			5:30	-	IST	1941 Oct
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
 			5:30	-	IST
-# The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
+# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
 #	Andaman Is
 #	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
 #	Nicobar Is
 
 # Indonesia
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+#
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
-# 
+# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
@@ -787,42 +1219,59 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
-# Regimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Editions
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
-# from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
+# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
 # switched on 1945-09-23.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia,  (2006-09-29).
+# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
+#
+# WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
 Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
 # but this must be a typo.
-			7:07:12	-	JMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
-			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov	 # Java Time
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Mar 23
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+			7:20	-	+0720	1932 Nov
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Mar 23
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
+			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
+			7:30	-	+0730	1964
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# west and central Borneo
 Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
 			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Jan 29
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			8:00	-	CIT	1988 Jan  1
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Jan 29
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
+			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
+			7:30	-	+0730	1964
+			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
 Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
 			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
-			8:00	-	CIT	1942 Feb  9
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			8:00	-	CIT
+			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb  9
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			8:00	-	WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
 Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
-			9:00	-	EIT	1944 Sep  1
-			9:30	-	CST	1964
-			9:00	-	EIT
+			9:00	-	+09	1944 Sep  1
+			9:30	-	+0930	1964
+			9:00	-	WIT
 
 # Iran
 
@@ -853,8 +1302,6 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
-# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
-# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
 #
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
@@ -862,12 +1309,65 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
 # plan to change that law....
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
-# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
-# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
-# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
-# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
+# I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
+# lines from 2008 through 2087.  Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
+# cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
+# 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
+# for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
+# so the following code special-case those years.  See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
+# Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
+# The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
+# https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
+# Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
+# happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
+# stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
+# (cl-loop
+#  initially (require 'cal-persia)
+#  with first-persian-year = 1387
+#  with last-persian-year = 1466
+#  ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
+#  ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
+#  with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
+#  with range-start = nil
+#  for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
+#  do
+#  (let*
+#      ((exceptional-year-offset
+#        (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
+#       (beg-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
+#           exceptional-year-offset))
+#       (end-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
+#           exceptional-year-offset))
+#       (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
+#           (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
+#       (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
+#       (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
+#       (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
+#                           next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
+#       (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
+#       (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
+#    (setq range-start (or range-start year))
+#    (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
+#                  (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
+#              (= persian-year last-persian-year))
+#      (insert
+#       (format
+#        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
+#        range-start range-end
+#        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
+#        (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
+#      (insert
+#       (format
+#        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
+#        range-start range-end
+#        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
+#        (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
+#      (setq range-start nil))))
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
@@ -887,14 +1387,14 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
 #
-# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Norgaard Welen:
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 # daylight saving time ...
-# http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
 #
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
-# Iran, Volume 63, Number 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
+# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
@@ -902,61 +1402,120 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+#
+# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
+# These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
+# restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
+# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
+# possibly Iran will change the rules first.
+Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
-			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946	# Tehran Mean Time
-			3:30	-	IRST	1977 Nov
-			4:00	Iran	IR%sT	1979
-			3:30	Iran	IR%sT
+			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946     # Tehran Mean Time
+			3:30	-	+0330	1977 Nov
+			4:00	Iran	+04/+05	1979
+			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430
 
 
 # Iraq
@@ -978,35 +1537,29 @@ Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
 # news sources (in Arabic):
-# 
 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
-# 
 #
 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
-Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
-# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
+Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	-
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
 #
-Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
-			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918	    # Baghdad Mean Time?
-			3:00	-	AST	1982 May
-			3:00	Iraq	A%sT
+			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
+			3:00	-	+03	1982 May
+			3:00	Iraq	+03/+04
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -1073,8 +1626,13 @@ Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	18	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
 
 # From Ephraim Silverberg
 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
@@ -1212,40 +1770,22 @@ Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
 
-# From Ephraim Silverberg (2012-10-18):
-# Yesterday, the Interior Ministry Committee, after more than a year
-# past, approved sending the proposed June 2011 changes to the Time
-# Decree Law back to the Knesset for second and third (final) votes
-# before the upcoming elections on Jan. 22, 2013.  Hence, although the
-# changes are not yet law, they are expected to be so before February 2013.
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
+# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
+# Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
+# in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
+# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
 #
-# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday in March.
-# DST ends at 02:00 on the first Sunday after October 1, unless it occurs on the
-# second day of the Jewish Rosh Hashana holiday, in which case DST ends a day
-# later (i.e. at 02:00 the first Monday after October 2).
-# [Rosh Hashana holidays are factored in until 2100.]
-
-# From Ephraim Silverberg (2012-11-05):
-# The Knesset passed today (in second and final readings) the amendment to the
-# Time Decree Law making the changes ... law.
+# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
+# in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2013	2026	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2027	only	-	Oct	Mon>=3	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2028	max	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-# The following rules are commented out for now, as they break older
-# versions of zic that support only signed 32-bit timestamps, i.e.,
-# through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC.
-#Rule	Zion	2028	2053	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2054	only	-	Oct	Mon>=3	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2055	2080	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2081	only	-	Oct	Mon>=3	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2082	max	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918	# Jerusalem Mean Time?
+Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT
 
 
@@ -1254,15 +1794,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Japan
 
-# `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
-# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
-# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
 
-# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
-# :
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
+# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
@@ -1272,21 +1812,41 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
 # wanted to keep it.)
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
+# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
+# The source of information is Japanese law.
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
+# ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
+# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
+# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
+# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
+# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
+# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
+# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
+# of the summer time is described in the document.
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
+# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
+# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
+# change the clock before they sleep.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
+# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
+# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
+# do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
+# which should be safe now.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
-# their audience is astrologers) were US military bases.  For now, assume
-# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
-# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
+Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
+Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
-# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
+# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
@@ -1294,10 +1854,10 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
-# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
+# which stands for the time on 135° E.
 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
-# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
 # standard....
@@ -1305,27 +1865,33 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger claim JST in use since 1896, and that a few
-# places (e.g. Ishigaki) use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all
-# ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
-			9:00	-	JST	1896
-			9:00	-	CJT	1938
 			9:00	Japan	J%sT
-# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
+# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
+# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
 
 # Jordan
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-07-01)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
 # all year round.
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-09-30)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
@@ -1343,27 +1909,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
 #
 
-# From Phil Pizzey (2009-04-02):
-# ...I think I may have spotted an error in the timezone data for
-# Jordan.
-# The current (2009d) asia file shows Jordan going to daylight
-# saving
-# time on the last Thursday in March.
-#
-# Rule  Jordan      2000  max	-  Mar   lastThu     0:00s 1:00  S
-#
-# However timeanddate.com, which I usually find reliable, shows Jordan
-# going to daylight saving time on the last Friday in March since 2002.
-# Please see
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=11
-# 
-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
-# 
 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
-# 
 #
 # Google's translation:
 #
@@ -1381,10 +1929,22 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
 # until about the same time next year (at least).
 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-25):
-# For now, assume this is just a one-year measure.  If it becomes
-# permanent, we should move Jordan from EET to AST effective tomorrow.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1410,12 +1970,14 @@ Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Jordan	2002	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Jordan	2013	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
@@ -1423,26 +1985,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 
 # Kazakhstan
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
-# stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
-# and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
-# Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
-# IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
-# RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger, who have them always using RussiaAsia rules.
-# Also go with the following claims of Shanks & Pottenger:
-#
-# - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
-# - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
-# - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
-
-# 
-# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
-# 
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
+#  (2005-03-21):
 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
@@ -1452,73 +1996,276 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
-# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
-# Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
+# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
+# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
 # everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
 
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
+# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
 #
+# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
+# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
+# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
+# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
+# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
+# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
+#
+# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
+# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
+# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
+# text.
+#
+# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
+# (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
+# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
+# transition to "summer" time:
+# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
+# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
+# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
+# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
+# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
+# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
+# Other territories were to not move clocks.
+# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
+# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
+# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
+#
+# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
+# was one of such changes.
+#
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
+# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
+# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
+# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
+# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
+# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
+# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
+# move clocks.)
+#
+# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
+# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
+# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
+# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
+#
+# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
+# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
+# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
+# 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
+# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
+# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
+# 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
+# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
+# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
+# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
+# time belt).
+#
+# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
+# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
+# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
+#
+# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
+# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
+# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
+# and the fifth time belts respectively.
+#
+# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
+# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
+# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
+# result)....
+#
+# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
+# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
+# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
+#
+# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
+# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
+# time belt.
+#
+# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
+#
+# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
+# replaces the previous five documents.
+#
+# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
+# fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
+# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
+# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
+# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
+# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
+# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
+#
+# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
+#
+# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
+# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
+# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
+# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
+# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
+# amended before implementation happened.
+#
+# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
+# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
+# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
+# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
+# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
+#
+# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
+# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
+# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
+# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
+#
+# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
+# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
+# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
+# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
+# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
+# time.
+#
+# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
+# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
+# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
+# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
+# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
+# oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
+# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
+# according to wikipedia.)
+#
+# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
+# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
+# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
+# how that could happen....
+#
+# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
+# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
+# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
+# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
+
+# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
+# Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
+# UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
+# located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
+# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
+# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
 Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
-			5:00	-	ALMT	1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT	1991
-			6:00	-	ALMT	1992
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	ALM%sT	2005 Mar 15
-			6:00	-	ALMT
-# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
 Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	KIZT	1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
-			5:00	-	KIZT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	KIZST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	KIZT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	KIZ%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	KIZT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00	-	QYZT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	QYZ%sT	2005 Mar 15
-			6:00	-	QYZT
-# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06	2018 Dec 21  0:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+#
+# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
+# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
+# reorganization.
+Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:28 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+
+# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
 Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	AKTT	1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
-			5:00	-	AKTT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	AKTST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	AKTT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AKT%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	AKTT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
-			5:00	-	AQTT
-# Mangghystau
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
-# so include time stamps before 1963.
+# so include timestamps before 1963.
 Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	FORT	1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
-			5:00	-	FORT	1963
-			5:00	-	SHET	1981 Oct  1 # Shevchenko Time
-			6:00	-	SHET	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	SHE%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	SHET	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	2005 Mar 15
-			5:00	-	AQTT
-# West Kazakhstan
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1994 Sep 25  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
+# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
+Zone	Asia/Atyrau	3:27:44	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1999 Mar 28  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
-			4:00	-	URAT	1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
-			5:00	-	URAT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	URAST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	URAT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1991
-			4:00	-	URAT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	ORA%sT	2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
-			5:00	-	ORAT
+			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
-# 
+# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
@@ -1526,75 +2273,147 @@ Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
-			5:00	Kyrgyz	KG%sT	2005 Aug 12    # Kyrgyzstan Time
-			6:00	-	KGT
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Aug 31  2:00
+			5:00	Kyrgyz	+05/+06	2005 Aug 12
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Korea (North and South)
 
-# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10) in
-# :
-# The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy has already
-# commissioned a research project [to reintroduce DST] and has said
-# the system may begin as early as 2008....  Korea ran a daylight
-# saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it during the 1950-53 Korean War.
+# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
+# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
+# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
+# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
+# between 1987 and 1988 ...
+
+# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# According to the Korean Wikipedia
+# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
+# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
+# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
+# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
+# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
+# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
+# date in South Korea should be
+# 1955-09-08 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
+# 1956-09-29 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
+# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
+# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
+# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
+# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
+# ...
+# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
+# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
+# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
+# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
+
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=7	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 8	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sat>=17	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 3:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
+#
+# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
+# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
+#       (Announcement No. 338)
+# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
+# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
+#
+# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
+# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
+#
+# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+#
+# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
+# have no information otherwise.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
+# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
+# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
+# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
+# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
+# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
+# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
+# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
+
+# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
+# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
+# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
+#
+# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
+# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
+# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
+# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
+# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
+# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
+# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
+# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1890
-			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
-			8:30	-	KST	1932
+Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
 			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
-			8:00	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
-			8:30	-	KST	1968 Oct
+			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
 			9:00	ROK	K%sT
-Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1890
-			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
-			8:30	-	KST	1932
-			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
-			8:00	-	KST	1961 Aug 10
+Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
+			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
+			8:30	-	KST	2018 May  4 23:30
 			9:00	-	KST
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Kuwait
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# From the Arab Times (2007-03-14):
-# The Civil Service Commission (CSC) has approved a proposal forwarded
-# by MP Ahmad Baqer on implementing the daylight saving time (DST) in
-# Kuwait starting from April until the end of Sept this year, reports Al-Anba.
-# .
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
-# We don't know the details, or whether the approval means it'll happen,
-# so for now we assume no DST.
-Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
 
 # Laos
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
 
 # Lebanon
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1628,52 +2447,50 @@ Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Malaysia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
 #
 # peninsular Malaysia
-# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# .
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
-			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
-			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
-			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
-			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
-			7:30	-	MALT	1982 Jan  1
-			8:00	-	MYT	# Malaysia Time
+			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
+			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	+0730	1982 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08
 # Sabah & Sarawak
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The data here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
-# transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
+# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
-			7:30	-	BORT	1933	# Borneo Time
-			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942 Feb 16
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
-			8:00	-	BORT	1982 Jan  1
-			8:00	-	MYT
+			7:30	-	+0730	1933
+			8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			8:00	-	+08
 
 # Maldives
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
-			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960	# Male Mean Time
-			5:00	-	MVT		# Maldives Time
+Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
+			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Malé Mean Time
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Mongolia
 
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
-# usno1995 and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World (2005-03)
-# both say that it has just one.
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
-# 
 # General Information Mongolia
-#  (1999-09)
+#  (1999-09)
 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
-# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
 # eight hours."
 
@@ -1684,7 +2501,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # of implementation may have been different....
 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
-# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
@@ -1698,10 +2515,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
 # there are three time zones.
 #
-# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
-# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
-#	Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
-# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
 #
 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
 
@@ -1718,16 +2535,16 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
-# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
-# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
+# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
 # He also found
-# 
+# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
-# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
@@ -1743,29 +2560,23 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
 # database on this, e.g.:
 #
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
-# 
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
-# 
 #
 # both say GMT+08:00.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
 # schedule here:
-# 
 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
-# 
 # (click the English flag for English)
 #
-# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbatar arrive
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
-# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khvod takes 2 hours in the Eastern
-# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbatar and Khvod are
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
-# Ulaanbatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
@@ -1773,57 +2584,65 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
 # this is almost surely wrong.
 
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
+# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
+# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
+# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
+# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
+# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
-# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sukhbaatar) took place
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
 
-Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
+# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
+# saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
+
+Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
-Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
 Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			6:00	-	HOVT	1978	# Hovd Time
-			7:00	Mongol	HOV%sT
+			6:00	-	+06	1978
+			7:00	Mongol	+07/+08
 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
 Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			7:00	-	ULAT	1978	# Ulaanbaatar Time
-			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT
-# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+			7:00	-	+07	1978
+			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
 Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
-			8:00	-	ULAT	1983 Apr
-			9:00	Mongol	CHO%sT	2008 Mar 31 # Choibalsan Time
-			8:00	Mongol	CHO%sT
+			7:00	-	+07	1978
+			8:00	-	+08	1983 Apr
+			9:00	Mongol	+09/+10	2008 Mar 31
+			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
 
 # Nepal
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
-			5:30	-	IST	1986
-			5:45	-	NPT	# Nepal Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1986
+			5:45	-	+0545
 
 # Oman
-
-# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
-			4:00	-	GST
+# See Asia/Dubai.
 
 # Pakistan
 
@@ -1835,7 +2654,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
-# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
@@ -1867,43 +2686,30 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
 #
-# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to help
-# reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at 9pm and
-# moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months.
-# ...."
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
+# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
+# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
 #
-# 
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
-# for another 2 months--plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
 # instead of August 31.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
 # official working."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
-# 
 #
 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
@@ -1911,15 +2717,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
 # April 08, 2009
 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
-# 
-#
-# or
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
-# 
 #
 # ....
 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
@@ -1932,34 +2731,20 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
 # this regard."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
-# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
-# 1, 2009.
+# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
+# October 1, 2009.
 #
 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
-# 
-
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
-# Alexander Krivenyshev wrote:
-# > According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
-# > Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
-# > 1, 2009.
 #
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
-# 
 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
 # Monday."
@@ -1971,11 +2756,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 #
 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
 
-# From Christoph Goehre (2009-10-01):
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
 
@@ -1991,29 +2774,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
 #
 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
-# 
 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
-# 
 #
 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:01	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:01	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
-			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
-			5:30	-	IST	1951 Sep 30
-			5:00	-	KART	1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	-	+0530	1951 Sep 30
+			5:00	-	+05	1971 Mar 26
 			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time
 
 # Palestine
@@ -2080,10 +2858,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# Daoud Kuttab writes in
-# 
-# Holiday havoc
-#  (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
@@ -2096,7 +2873,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
-# earlier--the same goes for Jordan.
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
@@ -2115,7 +2892,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
 # because of the Ramadan.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
 
@@ -2132,16 +2909,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
 #
-# 
 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
@@ -2149,24 +2919,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
-# 
 #
-# or
 # (English translation)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
 #
 # One news source:
-# 
 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
-# 
 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
@@ -2175,9 +2938,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
@@ -2187,51 +2948,35 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
 #
-# 
 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
-# 
 # (in Arabic)
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
 # noon though:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
-# 
 # (Ma'an News Agency)
 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
 # According to several sources, including
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
-# 
 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
 # Gaza and the West Bank.
 # Some more background info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
@@ -2239,13 +2984,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
 # Ramadan.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
-# 
 # Additional info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
@@ -2255,14 +2996,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
 # ...
-# 
-# http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
-# 
-# or
-# 
+# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
-# 
-# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
@@ -2270,32 +3006,74 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
 #
 # Many sources, including:
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
-# 
 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
-# 
 #
-# 
 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
-# 
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
-# The timeanddate article for 2012 says that "the end date has not yet been
-# announced" and that "Last year, both...paused daylight saving time during...
-# Ramadan. It is not yet known [for] 2012."
-# For now, assume both switch back on the last Friday in September. XXX
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
+# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
+# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
+
+# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
+# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
+# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
+# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
+# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
+# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
+# Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
+# This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
+# predictions.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
+# It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
+# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
+# clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
+# the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
+# time of the time shift.
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
+# For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2309,109 +3087,175 @@ Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2006	2008	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=8	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Aug	lastFri	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSat	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-09-20):
-# 2011 transitions per http://www.timeanddate.com as of 2011-09-20.
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-12):
-# 2012 transitions per http://www.timeanddate.com as of 2012-10-12.
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2014	2015	-	Oct	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	lastFri	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Mar	Sat>=22	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Oct	lastSat	1:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
-			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  2 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Mar 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2012 Sep 21 1:00
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
+			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2012
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
-			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug
-			2:00 	1:00	EEST	2008 Sep
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  1 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Aug 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Sep 30 3:00
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Mar 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2012 Sep 21 1:00
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 # Paracel Is
 # no information
 
 # Philippines
-# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
-# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
-# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
-# transcript of the decree in .
-# The rest of the data are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
-# Tomorrow's Manila Standard reports that the Philippines Department of
-# Trade and Industry is considering adopting DST this June when the
-# rainy season begins.  See
-# .
-# For now, we'll ignore this, since it's not definite and we lack details.
-#
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
+# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
+# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
 # but no details]
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
+# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
+# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
+# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
+# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
+# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
+# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
+
+# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
+# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
+# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
+# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
+# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
+# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
+# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
+# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
+# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
+# more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
+# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
+# influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
+# so use "PDT", the usual American style.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
-			8:00	Phil	PH%sT	1942 May
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT	1942 May
 			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
-			8:00	Phil	PH%sT
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT
 
 # Qatar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920	# Al Dawhah / Doha
-			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
-			3:00	-	AST
+Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
+			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	+03
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 
 # Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
+# Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
+# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
+# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
+# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
+# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
+# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
+# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
+# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
+# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
+# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
+# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
+# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
+# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
+# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
+# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
+# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
+# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
+# as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
+			3:00	-	+03
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden	# Yemen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
 
 # Singapore
-# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# .
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
-			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
-			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
-			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
-			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
-			7:30	-	MALT	1965 Aug  9 # independence
-			7:30	-	SGT	1982 Jan  1 # Singapore Time
-			8:00	-	SGT
+			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
+			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	+0730	1982 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08
 
 # Spratly Is
 # no information
@@ -2426,26 +3270,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
-# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
+# (, 1996-05-24,
 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
-# reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
-# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
-# by Shamindra in
-# 
-# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
-# :
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+#  (1996-10-26):
 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
 #  (2006-04-13):
 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
 
 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
-# 
+# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
@@ -2453,45 +3295,31 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
 
-# From K Sethu (2006-04-25):
-# I think the abbreviation LKT originated from the world of computers at
-# the time of or subsequent to the time zone changes by SL Government
-# twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
-# agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
+# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
+# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
+# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
+# standard time is SLST.
 #
-# I recollect before the recent change the government annoucemments
-# mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
-# Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
-#
-# If we look at Sri Lanka Department of Government's "Official News
-# Website of Sri Lanka" ... http://www.news.lk/ we can see that they
-# use SLT as abbreviation in time stamp at the beginning of each news
-# item....
-#
-# Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
-# adminsitrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
-# nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
-# known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
-# slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
-#
-# But if indeed our government has adopted SLT as standard abbreviation
-# (that we have not known so far) then  it is better that it be used for
-# all computers.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
-# One possibility is that we wait for a bit for the dust to settle down
-# and then see what people actually say in practice.
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
+# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
+# zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
+# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
+# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
+# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
+# other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
+# even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
+# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
-			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906	# Moratuwa Mean Time
-			5:30	-	IST	1942 Jan  5
-			5:30	0:30	IHST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16 2:00
-			5:30	-	IST	1996 May 25 0:00
-			6:30	-	LKT	1996 Oct 26 0:30
-			6:00	-	LKT	2006 Apr 15 0:30
-			5:30	-	IST
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Jan  5
+			5:30	0:30	+06	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 16  2:00
+			5:30	-	+0530	1996 May 25  0:00
+			6:30	-	+0630	1996 Oct 26  0:30
+			6:00	-	+06	2006 Apr 15  0:30
+			5:30	-	+0530
 
 # Syria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -2541,16 +3369,16 @@ Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
 Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-# From Jesper Norgard (2007-10-27):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
-# not take place 1.st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1.st November at 24:00 or
-# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sence than
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen wrote:
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
 #
 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
@@ -2566,8 +3394,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 
 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
-# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so...This is the data IATA
-# are now using:
+# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
 # Variation
@@ -2579,16 +3406,15 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
 # Agency (SANA)...
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
-# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# My buest guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
@@ -2601,37 +3427,27 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
 # clocks back 60 minutes).
 #
-# 
 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
 # two examples:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
-# 
 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
-# 
 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
-# 
 # (Arabic, gov-site)
 #
 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
 #
 # Our summary
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
@@ -2642,23 +3458,17 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
-# 
 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
 #
 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
-# 
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
@@ -2671,81 +3481,120 @@ Rule	Syria	2012	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	2009	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920	# Dimashq
+Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
 			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
 
 # Tajikistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 2:00s
-			5:00	-	TJT		    # Tajikistan Time
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	+05/+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Thailand
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
-			7:00	-	ICT
+			7:00	-	+07
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh	# Cambodia
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane	# Laos
 
 # Turkmenistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
-			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
-			5:00	-	TMT
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # United Arab Emirates
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
-			4:00	-	GST
+			4:00	-	+04
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat	# Oman
 
 # Uzbekistan
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
-			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	TAST	1982 Apr  1 # Tashkent Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	SAM%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
-			5:00	-	UZT
-Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
-			5:00	-	UZT
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Vietnam
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
-# and Pottenger.
+# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Min City";
-# we use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
+# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
+# is quoted verbatim in:
+# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
+# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# and is the basis for the information below.
+#
+# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
+# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
+# the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
+# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
+# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
+# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
+# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
+# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
+# To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
+# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
+# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
+# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
+# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
+# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
+# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
+# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
+# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1955 Jul  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1959 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1975 Jun 13
+			7:00	-	+07
 
 # Yemen
-
-# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
-# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/australasia b/extra/zoneinfo/australasia
index 58df73d5d7..dfe73d3f9d 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/australasia
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/australasia
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -13,13 +14,13 @@
 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
@@ -27,26 +28,26 @@ Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			 9:30	Aus	CST
+			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
 # Western Australia
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
-			 8:00	AW	WST
+			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
 Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:45	Aus	CWST	1943 Jul
-			 8:45	AW	CWST
+			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
+			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945
 
 # Queensland
 #
@@ -61,131 +62,139 @@ Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
+# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
+# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
+# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
+# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
+# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
-			10:00	Holiday	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
+			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
 
 # South Australia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Tasmania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
-# 
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Jul
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AV	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AV	AE%sT
 
 # New South Wales
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AN	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AN	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AN	CST	2000
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -204,8 +213,9 @@ Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
-			10:30	LH	LHST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
+			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
+			10:30	LH	+1030/+11
 
 # Australian miscellany
 #
@@ -218,32 +228,45 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # no times are set
 #
 # Macquarie
-# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
-# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
-# like Australia/Hobart
+# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
+# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
+# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
+# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
+# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
+# on 4 April.
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
+# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
+# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
+# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
+# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
+Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
+			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
+			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
+			7:00	-	+07
 
-# Cook Is
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
-			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
-			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
-
-# Cocos
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
-			6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
+			6:30	-	+0630
+
 
 # Fiji
 
@@ -254,20 +277,13 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 #
 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
-# 
 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 # amendments:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
@@ -276,35 +292,24 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 #
 # Official source:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
-# 
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 #
-# 
-# www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # which says
 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
@@ -314,9 +319,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
 # states:
 #
 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
@@ -329,100 +332,197 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
+
+# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
+# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
+# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
+# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
+# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
+
+# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
+# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
+# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
+# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
+# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
+# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
+# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
+# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
+# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
+# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
+# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
+# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
+# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
+# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-08-31):
-# For now, guess a pattern of the penultimate Sundays in October and January.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-15):
+# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
+# the first Sunday on or after January 13.  January transitions reportedly
+# depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
+# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
+# practice than guessing no DST.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=18	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2012	max	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=13	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
-			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
+Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
+			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
 
 # French Polynesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Rikitea
-			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
+Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
+			 -9:00	-	-09
 Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
-			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
-Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
-			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
+			 -9:30	-	-0930
+Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
+			-10:00	-	-10
 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 # it is uninhabited.
 
 # Guam
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
-			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
-			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23	# Guam
+			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
+			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
-			 12:00	-	GILT		 # Gilbert Is Time
+Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
+			 12:00	-	+12
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
-			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
-			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
-			 13:00	-	PHOT
+			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
+			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
+			 13:00	-	+13
 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
-			-10:40	-	LINT	1979 Oct # Line Is Time
-			-10:00	-	LINT	1995
-			 14:00	-	LINT
+			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
+			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
+			 14:00	-	+14
 
 # N Mariana Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
-			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
-			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
-			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
-			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+# See Pacific/Guam.
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
-			12:00	-	MHT
-Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
-			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20	# Kwajalein Time
-			12:00	-	MHT
+Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Jan 30
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12
+Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
+			 12:00	-	+12
 
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
-			10:00	-	CHUT			# Chuuk Time
-Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
-			11:00	-	PONT			# Pohnpei Time
-Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
-			12:00	-	KOST	1999
-			11:00	-	KOST
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk	-13:52:52 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
+			 10:00	-	+10	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 10:00	-	+10
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
+			 10:32:52 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11
+Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12	1999
+			 11:00	-	+11
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
-			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15	# Nauru Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1944 Aug 15
-			11:30	-	NRT	1979 May
-			12:00	-	NRT
+Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
+			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Aug 29
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  8
+			11:30	-	+1130	1979 Feb 10  2:00
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 # New Caledonia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
-			11:00	NC	NC%sT
+Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
+			11:00	NC	+11/+12
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -437,36 +537,40 @@ Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
-# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
-# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
+# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
+# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
+# time to percolate out.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
-			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
+			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
 
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 
 # Auckland Is
-# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
@@ -475,48 +579,85 @@ Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
+# Cook Is
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
+			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
+			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Niue
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901		# Alofi
-			-11:20	-	NUT	1951	# Niue Time
-			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct 1
-			-11:00	-	NUT
+Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
+			-11:20	-	-1120	1951
+			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1
+			-11:00	-	-11
 
 # Norfolk
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
-			11:12	-	NMT	1951	# Norfolk Mean Time
-			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time
+Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
+			11:12	-	+1112	1951
+			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00
+			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00
+			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00
+			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
-			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
+Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
+			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
+			  9:00	-	+09
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
-			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
-			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+			10:00	-	+10
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
+# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
+#
+# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
+# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
+# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
+# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
+# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
+# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
+# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
+#
+# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
+# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
+# See:
+# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
+#
+Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
+			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
+			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
-			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27 00:00
-			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time
+Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
+			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
+			-8:00	-	-08
 
 # American Samoa
-Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 
-# Samoa
+# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
@@ -527,144 +668,83 @@ Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
-# 
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 # Please see
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
-# ,
 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
-# I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
-# 
-# www.mcil.gov.ws
-# 
+# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
 #
-# PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
-#
-# Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
-# businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
-# saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
-#
-# The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
-# the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
-# then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
-# adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
-#
-# Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
-# INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
+# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
+# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
+# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
+# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 
-# From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
+# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
 #
-# 
 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
-# 
 
-# From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
-# I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
-# Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
-# confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
-# than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
-# the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
-# changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
-#
-# International Date Line Bill 2011
-#
-# AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
-# consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
-# Line, and for related purposes.
-#
-# BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
-# assembled as follows:
-#
-# 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
-# International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
-# commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
-# Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
-#
-# [snip]
-#
-# 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
-# other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
-# time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
-#
-# 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
-# standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
-# Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
-# time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
-# instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
-# Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
-# Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
-# it defines Samoa standard time....
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
+# The International Date Line Act 2011
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
+# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
+# accordingly.
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
-# 
 #
 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 #
 # DST
-# Year	End	Time	Start	Time
-# 2011	- - -	- - -	24 September	3:00am to 4:00am
-# 2012	01 April	4:00am to 3:00am	- - -	- - -
+# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
+# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
+# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
 #
 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 # Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
 # Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
 #
-# Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
-# Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
-# seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
-# a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
-#
-# From Nicky (2012-09-10):
+# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
-# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.
-#
-# Please find link below for more information.
+# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 #
-# That publication also includes dates for Summer of 2013/4 as well
-# which give the impression of a pattern in selecting dates for the
-# future, so for now, we will guess this will continue.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
+# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
 
-# Western Samoa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	WST	2010 Sep 26
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Apr 2 4:00
-			-11:00	-	WST	2011 Sep 24 3:00
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Dec 30
-			 13:00	1:00	WSDT	2012 Apr Sun>=1 4:00
-			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
+			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
+			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
+			 13:00	WS	+13/+14
 
 # Solomon Is
 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
-			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time
+Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
+			11:00	-	+11
 
-# Tokelau Is
+# Tokelau
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
@@ -673,37 +753,39 @@ Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
-# Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
-# actually was to UTC-11 back then.
+# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
+# actually was to UT-11 back then.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
-# , page 65, says Tokelau
+# , page 65, says Tokelau
 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	TKT 2011 Dec 30	# Tokelau Time
-			13:00	-	TKT
+			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
+			13:00	-	+13
 
 # Tonga
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
-			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
-			13:00	-	TOT	1999
-			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT
+			12:20	-	+1220	1941
+			13:00	-	+13	1999
+			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14
 
 # Tuvalu
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # US minor outlying islands
@@ -713,7 +795,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
-# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
@@ -726,30 +808,37 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Johnston
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
+# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
+#
+# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
+#  (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
+# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
+# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
+# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
+# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
 
 # Kingman
 # uninhabited
 
 # Midway
-#
-# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
-# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
-# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
-# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
-# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
-# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
-# designations that I've never seen before:....
-# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
-#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
-#
-Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
-			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
 
 # Palmyra
 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
@@ -757,212 +846,229 @@ Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
 # Wake
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
-			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
+Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
+			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
 
 # Wallis and Futuna
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	WFT	# Wallis & Futuna Time
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # NOTES
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
-# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
+# I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
+# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
-#		std dst
-#		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#	  8:00	WST WST	Western Australia
-#	  8:45	CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
-#	  9:00	JST	Japan
-#	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
-#	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
-#	 10:00	ChST	Chamorro
-#	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
-#	 11:30	NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
-#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
-#	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
-#	-11:00	SST	Samoa
-#	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
-#	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
+#		std	dst
+#		LMT		Local Mean Time
+#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
+#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
+#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
+#	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
+#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
+#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
+#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
+#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
 #
-# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
-# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
+# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
+# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
+# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
+# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
+# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
+# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
+# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
+# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
+# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
+# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
+# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
+# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
-# 
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
-#  summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
-# 
 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
-#  covers New South Wales in particular.
+# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
+# covers New South Wales in particular.
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
-# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
-# It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
-# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
+# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
+# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
+# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
-# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
+# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
 # time'.
 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
-# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
-# or `Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
+# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
+# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
-# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
+# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
-#	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
-#	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
-#	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
-
-# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
-# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
-# 
-# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
-# 
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
-# versus "AEST" etc.:
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 #
-# I see the following points of dispute:
+# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
+# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
+# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
+# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
+# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
+# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
+# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
+# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
+# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
+# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
+# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
+# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
 #
-# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
+#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
+#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
+#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
+#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
+#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
+#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
 #
-#   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
-#   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
-#   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
-#   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
-#   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
-#   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
-#   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
-#   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
 #
-#   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
-#   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
-#   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
-#   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
+# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
+# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
+# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
 #
-# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
+#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
 #
-#   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
-#   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
-#   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
-#   Time, for example.
+# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
+# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
+# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
+# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
+# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
+# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
+# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
 #
-#   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
-#   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
-#   tiebreaker.
+# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
+# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search 
+# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
+# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
+# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
+# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
+# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
+# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
+# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
+# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
+# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
+# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
+# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
+# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
 #
-# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
-#   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
-#   the word "Australian"?
+# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
 #
-#   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
-#   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
-#   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
-#   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
-#   following count of page hits:
+#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
+#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
+#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
-#     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
-#       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
+#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
+#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
 #
-#   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
-#   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
-#   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
-#   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
+#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
+#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
 #
-#   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
-#   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
-#   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
-#   are the hit counts anyway:
+#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
+#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
-#     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
-#      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
-#      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
-#      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
+#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
 #
-#      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
-#       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
-#         176 "ACST" and domain:au
-#          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
+#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
+#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
+#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
+#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
+#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
 #
-#       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
-#          68 "AWST" and domain:au
-#
-#   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
-#   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
-#   the ambiguities involved.
-#
-# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
-#
-#   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
-#   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
-#   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
-#   understood in Australia.
+# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
+# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
+# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
+# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
+# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
+# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
+# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
+# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
+# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
-# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
+# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
@@ -972,17 +1078,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # relevant entries in this database.
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
-# 
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
-# 
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
 # ACT
-# 
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
-# 
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
 # SA
-# 
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
-# 
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
@@ -1000,7 +1103,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
 # allude to it.
 # But not Queensland
-# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
 
 # Northern Territory
 
@@ -1047,12 +1150,28 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
-# 
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
-#  (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
+# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
+# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
+# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
+# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
+# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
+# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
+# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
+# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
+
 # Queensland
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
+# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
+# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
+# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
+# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
+
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
 # #						[ Dec 1990 ]
@@ -1090,9 +1209,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
-# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
-# 
+# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
 
 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
@@ -1106,7 +1225,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
-# .
+# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
@@ -1254,7 +1373,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
 # who notes:
 #	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
-#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
+#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
 #	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
 #	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
@@ -1262,48 +1381,42 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
-# October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
-# 
-# Two months more daylight saving
-# 
-# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
+# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
+# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
+# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
 # See the following official NSW source:
-# 
 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
-# 
+# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
 #
 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
 # daylight saving next year.  See:
-# 
 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
+# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
-# Victoria will following NSW.  See:
-# 
-# Vic to extend daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-28).
+# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
+# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
+# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
 #
 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
-# 
-# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
-#  (1999-07-19).
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
 #
 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
-# 
 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
-#  (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
-# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
+# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
-# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
 #
 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
-# 
-# Broken Hill to be behind the times
-#  (1999-07-21).
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
 
 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
@@ -1319,7 +1432,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Yancowinna
 
 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
-# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
+# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
@@ -1376,9 +1489,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # summer (southern hemisphere).
 #
 # From
-# 
 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
-# 
 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
@@ -1388,9 +1499,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
 #
 # We have a wrap-up here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
@@ -1399,7 +1508,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
-# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
+# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
@@ -1428,7 +1537,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
-# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
@@ -1441,6 +1550,19 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
@@ -1458,68 +1580,200 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
 
-# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
-# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
-# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.  But correspondents say it
-# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
-# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
-# millenium.
+# From the BBC World Service in
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
+# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
+# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
+# of the new millennium.
 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
-# Johnston
-
-# Johnston data is from usno1995.
-
 
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
-# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
+# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
+# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
+# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
+# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
+# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
+# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
 
 # Kwajalein
 
-# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
-# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
-# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
-# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
-# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
+# From an AP article (1993-08-22):
+# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
+# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
+# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
+# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
+# one side of the international date line to the other."
+# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
+# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#  ... pointed out that
+# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
+# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
+# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
+# should occur at around 1950s instead.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
+# The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
+# Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
+# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
+# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
+# .
+# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
+# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
 
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
-# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
-# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
+# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
+# period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
+# that period of time like the surrounding area.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
-
-# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
+#
+# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
+# and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
+# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
+# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
 
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 
-# Micronesia
+
+# Marshall Is
+# See the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
+# Micronesia (and nearby)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
+# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
-# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
-# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 #
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
-# 
-# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
-#  (1999-01-26)
-# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
-# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
+# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
+# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
+# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#
+# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
+# ...
+# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
+# Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
+#
+# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
+# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
+# of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
+# implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
+#
+# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
+# instructed to use JST at the time.
+#
+# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
+# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
+# longitude of the atoll.
+# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
+# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
+# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
+# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
+# is if they keep their own time back then)
+#
+# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
+# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
+# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
+# year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
+# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
+# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
+#    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
+#  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
+#    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
+#    governance structure have been established, these district [become
+#    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
+#    time of the area.
+#  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
+#    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
+#    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
+#    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
+#    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
+#    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
+#    Marshall Islands.
+#
+# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
+# area into 2 timezones:
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
+#    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
+#    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
+#    Standard Time)
+#
+# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
+# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
+# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
+#
+# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
+# island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
+# period of time....
+#
+# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
+# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
+# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
+# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
+#
+# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
+# under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
+# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
+# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
+# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
+# information can be found.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
+# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
+# for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
+#
+# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
+# done, so omit it from the data for now.
+#
+# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
 
 
 # Midway
@@ -1538,6 +1792,46 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
 
+# Nauru
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
+# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
+# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
+# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
+# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
+# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
+# ...
+# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
+# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
+# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
+# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
+# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
+# page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
+# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
+# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
+
+# Norfolk
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
+# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
+# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
+# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
+# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
+# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
+# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
+# other than in 1974/5.  See:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
+
+# Palau
+# See commentary for Micronesia.
 
 # Pitcairn
 
@@ -1559,40 +1853,50 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
-# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
-# Samoa
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
-# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
-# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
-# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
-# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
-# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
+# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
+# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
+# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
+# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
+# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
+# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
+# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
 
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
-# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
-# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
+# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
 
 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
-# 
-# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
-# :
-
+# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
+# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
+#
 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
-# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
+# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
-# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
-# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
 #
 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
@@ -1608,7 +1912,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
-# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
@@ -1618,9 +1922,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
 #
 # I was given this link by John Letts:
-# 
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
-# 
 #
 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
@@ -1628,9 +1930,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
-# According to 
-# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
-# :
+# According to :
 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
@@ -1648,7 +1948,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
-# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+# (Original URL was )
 
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
@@ -1659,27 +1959,47 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
 # hour to 1:00am.
 
-# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
+# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
 
+# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
+# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
+# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
+# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
+# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
+# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
+
+# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
+# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
+# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
+# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
+
 
 # Wake
 
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 #
-# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ...  The time was all the
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
 # impossible.
 #
-# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
+# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
 
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 # The International Date Line
@@ -1703,7 +2023,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
 # correct date is ambiguous.
 
-# From Wikipedia  (2005-08-31):
+# From Wikipedia  (2005-08-31):
 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
@@ -1713,7 +2033,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
-# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight.  These zones were
+# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
 
@@ -1721,6 +2041,6 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (2005-03-20):
 #
 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
-# 
+# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/backward b/extra/zoneinfo/backward
index dc7769fb1f..51e10f4ce4 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/backward
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/backward
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-# 
+# tzdb links for backward compatibility
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This file provides links between current names for time zones
+# This file provides links between current names for timezones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
-Link	Africa/Asmara		Africa/Asmera
-Link	Africa/Bamako		Africa/Timbuktu
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
@@ -20,17 +22,25 @@ Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
 Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
 Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
 Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Montreal
 Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
-Link	America/St_Thomas	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Santa_Isabel
+Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
 Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
-Link	Asia/Chongqing		Asia/Chungking
-Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
-Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
 Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
+Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
 Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
-Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Asia/Yangon		Asia/Rangoon
 Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
 Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
 Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
 Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
@@ -53,7 +63,9 @@ Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
 Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
 Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
 Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
-Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
+# This line is commented out, as the name exceeded the 14-character limit
+# and was an unused misnomer.
+#Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
 Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
 Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
 Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
@@ -88,10 +100,11 @@ Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	America/Denver		Navajo
 Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
-Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
-Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
-Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
 Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
 Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
 Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
 Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/backzone b/extra/zoneinfo/backzone
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97792b1cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/backzone
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+# Zones that go back beyond the scope of the tz database
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know
+# better, go ahead and edit it (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+
+# This file contains data outside the normal scope of the tz database,
+# in that its zones do not differ from normal tz zones after 1970.
+# Links in this file point to zones in this file, superseding links in
+# the file 'backward'.
+
+# Although zones in this file may be of some use for analyzing
+# pre-1970 timestamps, they are less reliable, cover only a tiny
+# sliver of the pre-1970 era, and cannot feasibly be improved to cover
+# most of the era.  Because the zones are out of normal scope for the
+# database, less effort is put into maintaining this file.  Many of
+# the zones were formerly in other source files, but were removed or
+# replaced by links as their data entries were questionable and/or they
+# differed from other zones only in pre-1970 timestamps.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+
+# This file is not intended to be compiled standalone, as it
+# assumes rules from other files.  In the tz distribution, use
+# 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone zones' to compile and install this file.
+
+# Zones are sorted by zone name.  Each zone is preceded by the
+# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
+# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
+#
+# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+
+# Ethiopia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
+# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
+# 02:00 or 14:00.  Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time
+# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
+# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05.  Perhaps 38E50
+# was for Adis Dera.  Quite likely the Shanks data entries are wrong
+# anyway.
+Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Eritrea
+Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890        # Asmara Mean Time
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
+
+# Mali (southern)
+Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960 Jun 20
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Central African Republic
+Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gambia
+Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935 # Banjul Mean Time
+			-1:00	-	-01	1964
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Malawi
+Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Republic of the Congo
+Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Burundi
+Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Guinea
+Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Senegal
+Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Jun
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Tanzania
+Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
+			3:00	-	EAT	1948
+			2:45	-	+0245	1961
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Djibouti
+Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Cameroon
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+# Sierra Leone
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The following table is from Shanks & Pottenger, but it can't be right.
+# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on.
+# The International Hydrographic Bulletin, 1932-33, p 63 says that
+# Sierra Leone would advance its clocks by 20 minutes on 1933-10-01.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	-0020
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-01
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	+01
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
+Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
+			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
+			 0:00	SL	GMT/+01
+
+# Botswana
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
+# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
+Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zimbabwe
+Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Uganda
+Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930
+			2:30	-	+0230	1948
+			2:45	-	+0245	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Rwanda
+Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (west)
+Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gabon
+Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Togo
+Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
+			0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Angola
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
+			0:52:04	-	LMT	1911 Dec 31 23:00u # Luanda MT?
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zambia
+Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Equatorial Guinea
+#
+# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UT +00 to +01 on 1963-12-15,
+# a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
+# says that Spanish Guinea was at +01 back then.  The Shanks data entries
+# are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
+			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Lesotho
+Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Swaziland
+Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Somalia
+Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
+			3:00	-	EAT	1931
+			2:30	-	+0230	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Niger
+Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	-01	1934 Feb 26
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
+			 1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mauritania
+Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960 Nov 28
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Burkina Faso
+Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Benin
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mali (northern)
+Zone	Africa/Timbuktu	-0:12:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Anguilla
+Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Antigua and Barbuda
+Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	-	EST	1951
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Chubut, Argentina
+# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
+Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Aruba
+Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Cayman Is
+Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890     # Georgetown
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# United States
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
+# America/Chillicothe would be tricky, as it was a city of two-timers:
+# "To prevent a constant mixup at Chillicothe, caused by the courthouse
+#  clock running on central time and the city running on 'daylight saving'
+#  time, a third hand was added to the dial of the courthouse clock."
+# -- Ohio news in brief. The Cedarville Herald. 1920-05-21;43(21):1 (col. 5)
+# https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cedarville_herald/794
+
+# Canada
+Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Dominica
+Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Roseau
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Baja California
+# See 'northamerica' for why this entry is here rather than there.
+Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+
+# Grenada
+Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul # St George's
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Guadeloupe
+Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
+			-4:00	 -	AST
+
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto; see
+# America/Toronto.  However, earlier versions of the tz database
+# mistakenly relied on data from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec
+# differed from Ontario after 1970, and the following rules and zone
+# were created for most of Quebec from the incorrect Shanks &
+# Pottenger data.  The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
+# pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# Montserrat
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
+# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
+Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# United States
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
+# America/Palm_Springs would be tricky, as it kept two sets of clocks
+# in 1946/7.  See the following notes.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-01-19):
+# The shadow of Mt. San Jacinto brings darkness very early in the winter
+# months.  In 1946 the chamber of commerce decided to put the clocks of Palm
+# Springs forward by an hour in the winter.
+# https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2017/12/27/palm-springs-struggle-daylight-savings-time-and-idea-sun-time/984416001/
+# Desert Sun, Number 18, 1 November 1946
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461101
+# has proposal for meeting on front page and page 21.
+# Desert Sun, Number 19, 5 November 1946
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461105
+# reports that Sun Time won at the meeting on front page and page 5.
+# Desert Sun, Number 37, 7 January 1947
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470107.2.12
+# front page reports request to abandon Sun Time and page 7 notes a "class war".
+# Desert Sun, Number 38, 10 January 1947
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470110
+# front page reports on end.
+
+# Argentina
+# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
+# more detailed zones.
+# Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
+# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Rosario	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1894 Nov
+			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Jul
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3  0:00
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3  0:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2 # Basseterre
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Lucia
+Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890 # Castries
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912 # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Virgin Is
+Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Vincent and the Grenadines
+Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# British Virgin Is
+Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Road Town
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
+
+# Yemen
+# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
+# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
+Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Bahrain
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920     # Manamah
+			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# India
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 305 says that Madras
+# civil time was 5:20:57.3.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-21):
+# In tomorrow's The Hindu, Nitya Menon reports that India had two civil time
+# zones starting in 1884, one in Bombay and one in Calcutta, and that railways
+# used a third time zone based on Madras time (80° 18' 30" E).  Also,
+# in 1881 Bombay briefly switched to Madras time, but switched back.  See:
+# http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-when-madras-clocked-the-time/article6339393.ece
+#Zone	  Asia/Chennai  [not enough info to complete]
+
+# China
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928     # or Chungking
+			7:00	-	+07	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Link Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
+
+# Vietnam
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for this data.
+# Trần's book says the 1954-55 transition to 07:00 in Hanoi was in
+# October 1954, with exact date and time unspecified.
+Zone	Asia/Hanoi	7:03:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1954 Oct
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# China
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928     # or Haerbin
+			8:30	-	+0830	1932 Mar
+			8:00	-	CST	1940
+			9:00	-	+09	1966 May
+			8:30	-	+0830	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# far west China
+Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928     # or Kashi or Kaxgar
+			5:30	-	+0530	1940
+			5:00	-	+05	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# Kuwait
+Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+
+# Oman
+# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
+Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	+04
+
+# India
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Portuguese India switched to UT +05 on 1912-01-01.
+#Zone	Asia/Panaji	[not enough info to complete]
+
+# Cambodia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.  Also, guess
+# (1) Cambodia reverted to UT +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did, and
+# (2) they also reverted to +07 on 1953-11-09, the date of independence.
+# These guesses are probably wrong but they're better than guessing no
+# transitions there.
+Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1953 Nov  9
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Israel
+Zone	Asia/Tel_Aviv	2:19:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:21	-	JMT	1918
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+# Laos
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
+# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT +07 on 1955-04-15.
+# Also, guess that Laos reverted to +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
+# this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
+Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1955 Apr 15
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Jan Mayen
+# From Whitman:
+Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	-01
+
+# St Helena
+Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890 # Jamestown
+			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Northern Ireland
+Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+						# DMT = Dublin/Dunsink MT
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+						# IST = Irish Summer Time
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Guernsey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT is for Town Church, St. Peter Port, 49° 27' 17" N, 2° 32' 10" W.
+Zone	Europe/Guernsey	-0:10:09 -	LMT	1913 Jun 18
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Isle of Man
+#
+# From Lester Caine (2013-09-04):
+# The Isle of Man legislation is now on-line at
+# , starting with the original Statutory
+# Time Act in 1883 and including additional confirmation of some of
+# the dates of the 'Summer Time' orders originating at
+# Westminster.  There is a little uncertainty as to the starting date
+# of the first summer time in 1916 which may have been announced a
+# couple of days late.  There is still a substantial number of
+# documents to work through, but it is thought that every GB change
+# was also implemented on the island.
+#
+# AT4 of 1883 - The Statutory Time et cetera Act 1883 -
+# LMT Location - 54.1508N -4.4814E - Tynwald Hill ( Manx parliament )
+Zone Europe/Isle_of_Man	-0:17:55 -	LMT	1883 Mar 30  0:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Jersey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT is for Parish Church, St. Helier, 49° 11' 0.57" N, 2° 6' 24.33" W.
+Zone	Europe/Jersey	-0:08:26 -	LMT	1898 Jun 11 16:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Slovenia
+Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Macedonia
+Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Moldova / Transnistria
+Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+
+# Liechtenstein
+Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
+			1:00	-	CET	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Croatia
+Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Madagascar
+Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
+			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Comoros
+Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Mayotte
+Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+#
+# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
+# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
+# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
+# reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
+# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
+# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
+# designations that I've never seen before:....
+# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
+#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
+#
+Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	-11	1956 Jun  3
+			-11:00	1:00	-10	1956 Sep  2
+			-11:00	-	-11
+
+# N Mariana Is
+Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
+			 9:00	-	+09	1969 Oct
+			10:00	-	+10	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera b/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera
index a9ff729383..91ded935c4 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera
@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for ships at sea and other miscellany
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
 # people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
-# to a time zone that was right for their area.  These days, the
+# to a timezone that was right for their area.  These days, the
 # tz files cover almost all the inhabited world, and the only practical
 # need now for the entries that are not on UTC are for ships at sea
 # that cannot use POSIX TZ settings.
 
+# Starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001, the entries below are all
+# unnecessary as settings for the TZ environment variable.  E.g.,
+# instead of TZ='Etc/GMT+4' one can use the POSIX setting TZ='<-04>+4'.
+#
+# Do not use a POSIX TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours
+# behind GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
+
 Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT
 Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
 Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
 
 # The following link uses older naming conventions,
-# but it belongs here, not in the file `backward',
+# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
 # as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
 # We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
 Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
@@ -27,23 +35,13 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 
-# We use POSIX-style signs in the Zone names and the output abbreviations,
+# Be consistent with POSIX TZ settings in the Zone names,
 # even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
 # POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
 # positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
-# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UTC
+# the abbreviation "-04" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
 # (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
-# mean 4 hours ahead of UTC (i.e. east of Greenwich).
-#
-# In the draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x, the angle bracket notation allows for
-# TZ='+4'; if you want time zone abbreviations conforming to
-# ISO 8601 you can use TZ='<-0400>+4'.  Thus the commonly-expected
-# offset is kept within the angle bracket (and is used for display)
-# while the POSIX sign is kept outside the angle bracket (and is used
-# for calculation).
-#
-# Do not use a TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours behind
-# GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).
 
 # Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
 # and had lines such as
@@ -52,30 +50,31 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 # way does a
 #		zic -l GMT-12
 # so we moved the names into the Etc subdirectory.
+# Also, the time zone abbreviations are now compatible with %z.
 
-Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	GMT-14	# 14 hours ahead of GMT
-Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	GMT-13
-Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	GMT-12
-Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	GMT-11
-Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	GMT-10
-Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	GMT-9
-Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	GMT-8
-Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	GMT-7
-Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	GMT-6
-Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	GMT-5
-Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	GMT-4
-Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	GMT-3
-Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	GMT-2
-Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	GMT-1
-Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	GMT+1
-Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	GMT+2
-Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	GMT+3
-Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	GMT+4
-Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	GMT+5
-Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	GMT+6
-Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	GMT+7
-Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	GMT+8
-Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	GMT+9
-Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	GMT+10
-Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	GMT+11
-Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	GMT+12
+Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	+14
+Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	+13
+Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	+12
+Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	+11
+Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	+10
+Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	+09
+Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	+08
+Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	+07
+Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	+06
+Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	+05
+Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	+04
+Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	+03
+Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	+02
+Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	+01
+Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	-01
+Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	-02
+Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	-03
+Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	-04
+Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	-05
+Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	-06
+Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	-07
+Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	-08
+Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	-09
+Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	-10
+Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	-11
+Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	-12
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/europe b/extra/zoneinfo/europe
index 5081a525ca..587f7b03cc 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/europe
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/europe
@@ -1,21 +1,29 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Europe and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
@@ -26,45 +34,51 @@
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-#	.  He writes:
+#	.  He writes:
 #	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
 #	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
 #	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
 #
-#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
-#	
+#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
+#	https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
+#	The full Russian citation is:
+#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
+#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
+#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
+#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
+#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
+#
+#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
 #	History of Summer Time
-#	 (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
-
+#	
+#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
-# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
-# Corrections are welcome!
-#                   std dst  2dst
-#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
-#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
-#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
-#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
-#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
-#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
-#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
-#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
-#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
-#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
-#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
-#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
-#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
-#
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
+# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
+# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
+#                   std  dst  2dst
+#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
+#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
+#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
+#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
+#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
+#        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
+#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
+#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
+#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
+#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
+#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
+#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
+#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
 
-# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
-# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
+# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
@@ -96,7 +110,7 @@
 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 # of the text said:
 #
-# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
+# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
@@ -105,8 +119,8 @@
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
-# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
+# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
@@ -137,10 +151,24 @@
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
-# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
-# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
@@ -151,7 +179,7 @@
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
-# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
@@ -160,18 +188,20 @@
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
-#	-- 
-#	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
-#	
+#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
+#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
+#	https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
-# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
+# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
+# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
+# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
-#
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
@@ -198,8 +228,8 @@
 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 
 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
@@ -208,31 +238,22 @@
 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
-# so we use `BDST'.
+# so we use 'BDST'.
 
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
-# 
-# History of legal time in Britain
-# 
-# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
-# exists, and the article can now be found at:
-# 
-# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
-# 
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# 
-# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
-# .
+# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
@@ -260,20 +281,43 @@
 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 # we'll ignore it for now.
 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
 #
-#
-# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
-# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
-# to London.  For example:
+# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
+# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
 #
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+#
+# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
+# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
+#
+# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
+# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
+# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
+# .  Malone
+# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
+# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
+# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
+# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
+# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
+# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
+# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
+# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
+# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
+
+# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
+# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
+# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
+# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
+# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
+# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
+# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
-# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
-# various relating to legal time, for example:
+# Irish laws are available online at .
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
@@ -316,11 +360,33 @@
 
 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
-# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
+# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
+# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
+# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
+# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
+# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
+# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
+# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
+# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
+# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
+# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
+# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
+# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
+# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
+# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
+
+# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
+# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Summer Time Act, 1916
@@ -431,36 +497,73 @@ Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
+#
+# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s
+Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
+# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
+# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
+# and with tests for OpenJDK:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
+#
+# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
+# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
+# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
+# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
+# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
+# suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
+# values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
+# not rely on it.
+#
+# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
+# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
+# negative SAVE values are used.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
-			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
-			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+# The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
+			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
+# These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
+#			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+#			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+#			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Europe
 
-# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
-# Common Market, etc.
+# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
+# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
+# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
@@ -470,10 +573,9 @@ Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
-# 
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
-# 
+# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
@@ -496,18 +598,18 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
-# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
-#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
@@ -523,7 +625,7 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
-# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
+# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 # CET and MET:
 #
 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
@@ -550,31 +652,73 @@ Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 
+
+# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
+#
+# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
-Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
+#
+# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
+#
+# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
+#
+# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+#
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
+#
+# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
+#
+# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
+#
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
+# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
-# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
-Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
+Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
-Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1993	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
+# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
+# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
+#
+# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
+# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
+# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
+# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
+# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
+# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
+# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
+# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
+# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
+# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
+# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
+# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
+# rules (Moscow time)
+# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Unamended version of the act of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
+# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
+# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
+# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
@@ -582,14 +726,10 @@ Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
-# 
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
-# 
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# 
-# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
-# 
+# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
@@ -609,10 +749,10 @@ Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
-# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
@@ -667,7 +807,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
-			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
@@ -693,51 +833,52 @@ Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
-			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12 2:00s
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
 			1:00	-	CET	1946
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
+# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
+# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
+# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
+# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
+# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
+#
 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
-# 1.
-# 
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
-# 
-# 2.
-# 
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# 
-# 3.
-# 
-# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
-# 
+# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
+#
+# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
+# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
+# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
-			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
-			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			3:00	-	+03
 
 # Belgium
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
-#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
@@ -787,7 +928,7 @@ Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
-			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
 			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
@@ -797,14 +938,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
-# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
-# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
-# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -817,48 +958,61 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr 2 3:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
-			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
+			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Cyprus
-# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
+# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
-# Czech Republic
+# Czech Republic / Czechia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
+# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
+# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
+# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
+# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
-			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
+			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# End of rearguard section.
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
-# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
+# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequenet decrees with the law
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
@@ -873,7 +1027,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
@@ -897,11 +1051,11 @@ Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
-			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
 			 0:00	-	WET	1981
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 #
@@ -910,14 +1064,15 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
-# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
+# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
+# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
+# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
-# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 #  (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
@@ -952,16 +1107,16 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
-# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 #
-# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
-# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
@@ -970,11 +1125,17 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
-# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
-# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
+
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
+# "National Park" by Executive Order:
+# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
+# It is their only National Park.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -986,20 +1147,24 @@ Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
-			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
+			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
 			0:00	-	GMT
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
-			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
-			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
+			-2:00	-	-02	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-2:00	C-Eur	-02/-01	1981 Mar 29
+			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
 Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
-			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
+			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	-03/-02
 Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
 
 # Estonia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
@@ -1008,25 +1173,24 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
-# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
-# summer time next spring.''
+# summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
-# 
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
-# 
+# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
-# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
-# From The Baltic Times (1999-09-09)
+# From The Baltic Times  (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
@@ -1036,29 +1200,29 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # after that.
 
 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
-# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
-# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
 
 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
-# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
-			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
 			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
@@ -1068,7 +1232,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
 
-# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
+# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
 #
 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
@@ -1078,35 +1242,45 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
-#
-# 
-# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
-# 
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
-#
-# 
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
-# 
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
+# round to nearest.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
+			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
-# Aaland Is
+# Åland Is
 Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
@@ -1114,18 +1288,18 @@ Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
-# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
-# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
-# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
-# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
 
 
 #
-# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
@@ -1162,16 +1336,16 @@ Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
-# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
-# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
-# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
-# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
-# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
@@ -1192,7 +1366,7 @@ Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
@@ -1207,20 +1381,18 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
-# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
+# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
 
-# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# 
-# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
+# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
-# 
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
-# 
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
-# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
+# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1242,23 +1414,23 @@ Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24 2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
 			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
-# Busingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Büsingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
 #
-# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
-# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
 
 Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
 
@@ -1269,8 +1441,8 @@ Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
 
 # Gibraltar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2 0:00s
-			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
+			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1982
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1301,24 +1473,29 @@ Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
-			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
+			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
 			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
-			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
+			# go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1334,7 +1511,7 @@ Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1368,36 +1545,33 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
 # might mean something else (???).
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
-# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
-# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
+# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
+# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
-# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
+Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
+# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
-			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
-			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
+Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
+			-1:00	Iceland	-01/+00	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
@@ -1409,74 +1583,84 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
 # so record only the time in Rome.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
-# F. Pollastri
-# 
-# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
-# 
-# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
-# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
+# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
+# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
+# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
+# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
+# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
 #
-# year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
-# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
-#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
-#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
-# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
-#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
-# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
-#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
-#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
-#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
-#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
+# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
+# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
+# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
+# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
+# (2016-10-24):
+# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
+# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
+# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
+# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
+# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
+# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
+# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
+# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
+# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
+# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
+# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
+# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
+# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
+# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
+# was effectively controlled by Germany.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Oct	 6	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1966	only	-	Sep	24	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1967	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
-			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
-			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
+			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1492,21 +1676,21 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
 #
-# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
-# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
 #
-# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
-# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
 #
-# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
-# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
@@ -1522,18 +1706,18 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
-# 
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
-# 29-Feb-2000 (#79), in Latvian for subscribers only).
+# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) ,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
-# 
-# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
-# 
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
 # clocks one hour in the spring....
-# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
@@ -1543,31 +1727,51 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
+Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
 			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
-			1:00	-	CET	1981
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
+# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
+# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
+# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
+#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
+#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
+#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
+#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
+#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
+
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+
 
 # Lithuania
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
@@ -1576,7 +1780,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
-# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) ,
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
@@ -1585,9 +1789,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
-# From the 
-# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
-#  (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+#  (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
@@ -1600,18 +1804,18 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
-			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
-			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31 1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
@@ -1645,16 +1849,20 @@ Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
-			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
-			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
+			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Malta
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
+# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
@@ -1664,15 +1872,23 @@ Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
-			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
+Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
 			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Moldova
 
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
+# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
+# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
+# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
+# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
+# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
+# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
+# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
@@ -1681,7 +1897,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
-# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
@@ -1690,13 +1906,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
-# 
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
-# 
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
@@ -1714,10 +1925,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
-# 
-# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
-# 
+# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
 
+# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
+# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
+# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
+# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
+# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
+# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
+# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
@@ -1726,26 +1947,24 @@ Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 May 6
-			2:00	-	EET	1991
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Montenegro
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Netherlands
 
@@ -1784,8 +2003,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time.
 
-# The data before 1945 are taken from
-# .
+# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
@@ -1811,13 +2030,13 @@ Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 #
-# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
+# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
-			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			0:20	Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1847,31 +2066,31 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
+#  and
+# ).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# ) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
 #
 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
 # keeping Berlin time.
 #
-#  says that the meteorologists
+#  says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
-# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
@@ -1880,16 +2099,19 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 #  says that the Germans were
 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
-# 
+# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
 #
-# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
-# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
-# war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
+# for these regions.
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+#  pp 1-2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1900,9 +2122,9 @@ Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
-# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
-# 
-# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
@@ -1922,17 +2144,29 @@ Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
-			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
 			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
-			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Portugal
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
+# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett....
 #
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
+# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
+# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
+# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
+# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
+
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
@@ -1947,7 +2181,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
-# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
+# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
@@ -2012,35 +2246,52 @@ Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
-# Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
-Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
-			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
+Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
-			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
-			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
-			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
-			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
-			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
-			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			-1:00	W-Eur	-01/+00	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
+			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
-# 
-# Nine O'clock (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# Nine O'clock 
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
@@ -2057,32 +2308,28 @@ Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
-			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
-			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
+
 # Russia
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
-# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
+# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
 # (Government document
-# 
 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
-# 
 # in Russian)
 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
-# 
 
 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
-# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
-# 
+# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
 
@@ -2091,47 +2338,59 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # changed in September 2011:
 #
 # One source is
-# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
-# 
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
-# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
+# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# 
-# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
-# 
+# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
-# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
+# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# 
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
-# 
-# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
 #
 # The Wikipedia article refers to
-# 
 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
-# 
 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
 #
 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
-# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
-# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
 #
 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
 #
 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
@@ -2144,7 +2403,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
-# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
@@ -2156,9 +2415,9 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
-# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
-# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
@@ -2169,107 +2428,570 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+
+# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
+# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
 #
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
+# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
+# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
+# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
+# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
+# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
+# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
+# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
+# Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
+# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
 #
-# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
+# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
+# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
+# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
+# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
+# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
+# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
+# exceptions grew considerably.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
+# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
+# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
+# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
+# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
+# ...
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
+# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
+# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
+
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
+# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
+# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
+# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
+# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
+# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
+# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
+# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
+# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
+# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
+# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
+# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
+# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
+# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
+# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
+# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
+# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
+# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
+# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
+# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
+# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
+# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
+# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
+# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
+# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
+# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
+# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
+# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
+# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
+# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
+# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
+# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
+# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
+# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
+# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
+# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
+# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
+# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
+# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
+# Wikipedia refers to
+# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
+# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
-# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
-# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
-# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
-# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
-# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
-# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
-# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
-# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
-# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
-# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
-# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
-# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
-# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
-# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
-# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
-# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
-# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
-Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
-			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
+# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
+# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
+# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
+# time belt changes map).
+#
+# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
+# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
+# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
+# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
+# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
+# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
+# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
+# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
+# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
+# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
+# is also provided.
+#
+# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
+# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
+# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
+# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
+# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
+# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
+# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
+# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
+# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
+# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
+# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
+# time.
+#
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
+# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
+# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
+# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
+#
+# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
+#
+# 12. Udmurtia
+# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
+# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
+# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
+# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
+#
+# ...
+#
+# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
+# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
+# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
+#
+# There were some exceptions, though.
+# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
+# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
+# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
+# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
+#
+# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
+# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
+# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
+# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
+# 2 days before the switch.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
+# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
+# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
+# time in Moscow.
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
+# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
+# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	MSK
-#
-# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
-# Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
-# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
-# others?  But we have no data.
-Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
-			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
-			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
-			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
-			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
-Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
-			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
-			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
-			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
-			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
-			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
-			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	SAMT
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
 
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
-# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
-# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
-# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
-			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
-			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	YEKT	# Yekaterinburg Time
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
+# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
+# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
+# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
-Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
-			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
-			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	OMST
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
+# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
+# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
+# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
+
+Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers:
+# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
+# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
+
+# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
+# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
+# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
+# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
-# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
-# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
-			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
+# The law has been published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
+
+Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
+# Europe/Saratov covers:
+# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
+
+# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
+# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
+# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
+
+Zone Europe/Saratov	 3:04:18 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Dec  4  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Kirov covers:
+# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
+Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
+# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
+# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
+
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
+# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
+# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
+
+Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
+# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
+# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
+# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
+# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+#
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
+# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
+# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
+
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
+			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
+			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 5:00	-	+05
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
+
+Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
+			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Barnaul covers:
+# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
+# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
+
+# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
+# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
+# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
+# 1995-05-28.
+#
+# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
+# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
+# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
+# after 1957: UT+7
+# since 1995: UT+6
+# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
+# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
+# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
+# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
+# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
+
+Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
+# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
+# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
+# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
+
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Tomsk covers:
+# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
+# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
+
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
+# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
+# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
+# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
+# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
+# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
+# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
+# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
+# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
+# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
+# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
+# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
+# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
+# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
+# recent changes).
+#
+# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
+# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
+# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
+# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
+# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
+# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
+# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
+# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
+
+Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
@@ -2277,182 +2999,361 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
 #
-# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
+# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
-# 
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
-# 
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
-# 
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
+Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
+# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
 #
-# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
-# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
 
-Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	NMT	1920 Jan  6
-			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
 
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
-# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
-			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 8:00	-	KRAT
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
+			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
-# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
-			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
-			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 9:00	-	IRKT
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
+# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
+# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
+# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
+
+Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
+# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
+# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
+# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
+# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11	****	Gorny District
+# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
+# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14	****	Lensky District
+# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
+# 14-18	****	Namsky District
+# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
+# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
+# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
+# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
-# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
-# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
-# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
-# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
-# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
-# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
-# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
 
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 10:00	-	YAKT
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
+# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
-			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	VLAT
+# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
+# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
 # in 2011.
-#
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
-#
+
 Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
-			10:00	-	YAKT
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09
 
-#
-# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
-# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
-			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
-			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
-			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
-			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	SAKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
+# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
+# ... signed by the President today ...
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
-# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	MAGT
+			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
+# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17	****	Momsky District
+# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
+#
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
+#
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
+# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
-Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
-			11:00	-	VLAT
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
 #
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
-			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
-			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	PETT
-#
-# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
+			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
-			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
-			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	ANAT
+			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
+			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+
+# San Marino
+# See Europe/Rome.
 
 # Serbia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 May 8 2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
@@ -2465,50 +3366,82 @@ Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Spain
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
+#
+# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
+# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
+# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
+# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
+# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
+# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
+#
+# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
+# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
+# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
+# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
+# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
+# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
+# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
+# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
+# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
+# says in its article 5 (my translation):
+# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
+# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
+# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
-Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
+# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Jun	16	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	2:00	M
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00	1:00	S
+# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
+#
+# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
+# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
+# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
+# change during that period.
+#
+# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
+#Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Oct	 7	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1943	1944	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Oct	 2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=12	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
-# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
+Rule	Spain	1977	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
+#Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
+#Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
+#Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
+# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
+# except with "S" letters.
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2519,22 +3452,23 @@ Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
-			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
+Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
 			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
+Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
 			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1924
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
-			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
+			 0:00	-	WET	1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
+			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
-			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
-			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
-			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
+			-1:00	-	-01	1946 Sep 30  1:00
+			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
@@ -2543,18 +3477,18 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
-# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
 #
-# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
@@ -2562,7 +3496,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
@@ -2572,7 +3506,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish):  (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sok-button).
+# the Sök-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
@@ -2587,9 +3521,9 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
-			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1	# Swedish Time
+			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1 01:00
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -2597,9 +3531,9 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
-# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
+# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
@@ -2613,7 +3547,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
-# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
@@ -2632,7 +3566,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
-# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
@@ -2644,44 +3578,76 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
-# most users of tzdata:
-# The zone file
-# Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
-#                          0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
-#                          1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
-#                          1:00    EU      CE%sT
+# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
-# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
+# The Federal regulations say
+# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
+# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
+
+# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
+# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
+# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
+# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
+# hour before the beginning of service.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
+# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
+#
+# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
+# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
+#
+#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
+#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
+#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
+#
+# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
+# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
+# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
+# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
+# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
+# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
+# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
+# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
+# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
-			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
+			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Turkey
 
-# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
-# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
-# ... The latest rules are available at -
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
-# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
-# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
-# what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
-# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
-# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
+# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
+#    no exceptions.
+# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
+# Here are official papers:
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
+# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
@@ -2693,19 +3659,59 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
-# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
-#
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
-#
-# 
-# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
-# 
+# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
 # Turkish:
-# 
-# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
-# 
+# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
+
+# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
+# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
+# Turkish Local election....
+# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
+# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
+
+# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
+# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
+# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
+# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
+#
+# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
+# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
+# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
+# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
+
+# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
+# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
+# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
+# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
+
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
+# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
+# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
+# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
+# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
+# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2761,28 +3767,33 @@ Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1991	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
-			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
+			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1985 Apr 20
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 1:00u
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
+			3:00	-	+03
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 #
-# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
-# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
-# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
+# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
@@ -2791,23 +3802,17 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
 #
-# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
+# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
-# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
-# 
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
-# 
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
-# 
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
-# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
-# 
+# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
@@ -2815,38 +3820,77 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # time this year after all.
 #
 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
-# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
+# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
 # to Russia) was reverted today:
-#
-# 
 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
-# 
 #
 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
 # The law documents themselves are at
-#
-# 
 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
-# 
 
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
+#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
+#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
+#
+# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
+# "summer time" was still in action):
+#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
+#
+# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
+#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+#
+# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
+#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
+# This is an answer.
+#
+# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
+#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
+#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
+# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
+# For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
+# English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
+# transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ".  This is similar to tzdb's use of
+# Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
+# "Praha".  ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
+# came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
+# in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
+# controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
+# English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
+# means less disruption for our users.
+#
+# Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
+# Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
+# Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA).  This pronunciation has nothing like an
+# English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
+# would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
+# "Kuiyu".  Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
+# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
-# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Kiev" is more common in English.
+# This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	-	CET	1940
@@ -2854,8 +3898,8 @@ Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31 3:00
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
@@ -2865,38 +3909,16 @@ Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
 # portable Posix file names.
 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
+			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
-Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
-			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
-# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
-# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
-			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
-			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
-# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
-			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Vatican City
+# See Europe/Rome.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -2917,7 +3939,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # ...
 #
 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
-# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
+# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
@@ -2925,7 +3947,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
-# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/factory b/extra/zoneinfo/factory
index d29a5857f7..d4e76599cd 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/factory
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/factory
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for noncommittal factory settings
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# For companies who don't want to put time zone specification in
-# their installation procedures.  When users run date, they'll get the message.
-# Also useful for the "comp.sources" version.
+# For distributors who don't want to specify a timezone in their
+# installation procedures.  Users who run 'date' will get the
+# time zone abbreviation "-00", indicating that the actual time zone
+# is unknown.
 
 # Zone	NAME	GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT
-Zone	Factory	0	- "Local time zone must be set--see zic manual page"
+Zone	Factory	0	-	-00
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab b/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
index b952ca1c59..c2e0f8eafc 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 # ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-09-27):
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-02):
+# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
+# separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+# All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
 # 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
-#     ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-1 (2007-09-21).  See:
-#     
-#     ISO 3166 Maintenance agency (ISO 3166/MA)
-#     .
-# 2.  The usual English name for the country,
+#     ISO 3166-1 N905 (2016-11-15).  See: Updates on ISO 3166-1
+#     http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/Open/16944257
+# 2.  The usual English name for the coded region,
 #     chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
 #     This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted by country code.
 #
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
-#
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-08-17):
-# Resynchronized today with the ISO 3166 site (adding SS for South Sudan).
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
-#code	country name
+#code	name of country, territory, area, or subdivision
 AD	Andorra
 AE	United Arab Emirates
 AF	Afghanistan
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ AS	Samoa (American)
 AT	Austria
 AU	Australia
 AW	Aruba
-AX	Aaland Islands
+AX	Åland Islands
 AZ	Azerbaijan
 BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
 BB	Barbados
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ BL	St Barthelemy
 BM	Bermuda
 BN	Brunei
 BO	Bolivia
-BQ	Bonaire Sint Eustatius & Saba
+BQ	Caribbean NL
 BR	Brazil
 BS	Bahamas
 BT	Bhutan
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ CD	Congo (Dem. Rep.)
 CF	Central African Rep.
 CG	Congo (Rep.)
 CH	Switzerland
-CI	Cote d'Ivoire
+CI	Côte d'Ivoire
 CK	Cook Islands
 CL	Chile
 CM	Cameroon
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ CO	Colombia
 CR	Costa Rica
 CU	Cuba
 CV	Cape Verde
-CW	Curacao
+CW	Curaçao
 CX	Christmas Island
 CY	Cyprus
 CZ	Czech Republic
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ MA	Morocco
 MC	Monaco
 MD	Moldova
 ME	Montenegro
-MF	St Martin (French part)
+MF	St Martin (French)
 MG	Madagascar
 MH	Marshall Islands
 MK	Macedonia
@@ -212,7 +210,7 @@ PT	Portugal
 PW	Palau
 PY	Paraguay
 QA	Qatar
-RE	Reunion
+RE	Réunion
 RO	Romania
 RS	Serbia
 RU	Russia
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ SR	Suriname
 SS	South Sudan
 ST	Sao Tome & Principe
 SV	El Salvador
-SX	Sint Maarten
+SX	St Maarten (Dutch)
 SY	Syria
 SZ	Swaziland
 TC	Turks & Caicos Is
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list b/extra/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf54b9aa3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#
+#	In the following text, the symbol '#' introduces
+#	a comment, which continues from that symbol until
+#	the end of the line. A plain comment line has a
+#	whitespace character following the comment indicator.
+#	There are also special comment lines defined below.
+#	A special comment will always have a non-whitespace
+#	character in column 2.
+#
+#	A blank line should be ignored.
+#
+#	The following table shows the corrections that must
+#	be applied to compute International Atomic Time (TAI)
+#	from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) values that
+#	are transmitted by almost all time services.
+#
+#	The first column shows an epoch as a number of seconds
+#	since 1 January 1900, 00:00:00 (1900.0 is also used to
+#	indicate the same epoch.) Both of these time stamp formats
+#	ignore the complexities of the time scales that were
+#	used before the current definition of UTC at the start
+#	of 1972. (See note 3 below.)
+#	The second column shows the number of seconds that
+#	must be added to UTC to compute TAI for any timestamp
+#	at or after that epoch. The value on each line is
+#	valid from the indicated initial instant until the
+#	epoch given on the next one or indefinitely into the
+#	future if there is no next line.
+#	(The comment on each line shows the representation of
+#	the corresponding initial epoch in the usual
+#	day-month-year format. The epoch always begins at
+#	00:00:00 UTC on the indicated day. See Note 5 below.)
+#
+#	Important notes:
+#
+#	1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is often referred to
+#	as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The GMT time scale is no
+#	longer used, and the use of GMT to designate UTC is
+#	discouraged.
+#
+#	2. The UTC time scale is realized by many national
+#	laboratories and timing centers. Each laboratory
+#	identifies its realization with its name: Thus
+#	UTC(NIST), UTC(USNO), etc. The differences among
+#	these different realizations are typically on the
+#	order of a few nanoseconds (i.e., 0.000 000 00x s)
+#	and can be ignored for many purposes. These differences
+#	are tabulated in Circular T, which is published monthly
+#	by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
+#	(BIPM). See www.bipm.org for more information.
+#
+#	3. The current definition of the relationship between UTC
+#	and TAI dates from 1 January 1972. A number of different
+#	time scales were in use before that epoch, and it can be
+#	quite difficult to compute precise timestamps and time
+#	intervals in those "prehistoric" days. For more information,
+#	consult:
+#
+#		The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
+#		Ephemeris.
+#	or
+#		Terry Quinn, "The BIPM and the Accurate Measurement
+#		of Time," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 894-905,
+#		July, 1991. 
+#		reprinted in: 
+#		   Christine Hackman and Donald B Sullivan (eds.)
+#		   Time and Frequency Measurement
+#		   American Association of Physics Teachers (1996)
+#		   , pp. 75-86
+#
+#	4. The decision to insert a leap second into UTC is currently
+#	the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation and
+#	Reference Systems Service. (The name was changed from the
+#	International Earth Rotation Service, but the acronym IERS
+#	is still used.)
+#
+#	Leap seconds are announced by the IERS in its Bulletin C.
+#
+#	See www.iers.org for more details.
+#
+#	Every national laboratory and timing center uses the
+#	data from the BIPM and the IERS to construct UTC(lab),
+#	their local realization of UTC.
+#
+#	Although the definition also includes the possibility
+#	of dropping seconds ("negative" leap seconds), this has
+#	never been done and is unlikely to be necessary in the
+#	foreseeable future.
+#
+#	5. If your system keeps time as the number of seconds since
+#	some epoch (e.g., NTP timestamps), then the algorithm for
+#	assigning a UTC time stamp to an event that happens during a positive
+#	leap second is not well defined. The official name of that leap
+#	second is 23:59:60, but there is no way of representing that time
+#	in these systems.
+#	Many systems of this type effectively stop the system clock for
+#	one second during the leap second and use a time that is equivalent
+#	to 23:59:59 UTC twice. For these systems, the corresponding TAI
+#	timestamp would be obtained by advancing to the next entry in the
+#	following table when the time equivalent to 23:59:59 UTC
+#	is used for the second time. Thus the leap second which
+#	occurred on 30 June 1972 at 23:59:59 UTC would have TAI
+#	timestamps computed as follows:
+#
+#	...
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785599,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600)		TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	If your system realizes the leap second by repeating 00:00:00 UTC twice
+#	(this is possible but not usual), then the advance to the next entry
+#	in the table must occur the second time that a time equivalent to
+#	00:00:00 UTC is used. Thus, using the same example as above:
+#
+#	...
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599):		TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785600, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	in both cases the use of timestamps based on TAI produces a smooth
+#	time scale with no discontinuity in the time interval. However,
+#	although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct in both
+#	methods, the second method is technically not correct because it adds
+#	the extra second to the wrong day.
+#
+#	This complexity would not be needed for negative leap seconds (if they
+#	are ever used). The UTC time would skip 23:59:59 and advance from
+#	23:59:58 to 00:00:00 in that case. The TAI offset would decrease by
+#	1 second at the same instant. This is a much easier situation to deal
+#	with, since the difficulty of unambiguously representing the epoch
+#	during the leap second does not arise.
+#
+#	Some systems implement leap seconds by amortizing the leap second
+#	over the last few minutes of the day. The frequency of the local
+#	clock is decreased (or increased) to realize the positive (or
+#	negative) leap second. This method removes the time step described
+#	above. Although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct
+#	in this case, this method introduces an error during the adjustment
+#	period both in time and in frequency with respect to the official
+#	definition of UTC.
+#
+#	Questions or comments to:
+#		Judah Levine
+#		Time and Frequency Division
+#		NIST
+#		Boulder, Colorado
+#		Judah.Levine@nist.gov
+#
+#	Last Update of leap second values:   8 July 2016
+#
+#	The following line shows this last update date in NTP timestamp
+#	format. This is the date on which the most recent change to
+#	the leap second data was added to the file. This line can
+#	be identified by the unique pair of characters in the first two
+#	columns as shown below.
+#
+#$	 3676924800
+#
+#	The NTP timestamps are in units of seconds since the NTP epoch,
+#	which is 1 January 1900, 00:00:00. The Modified Julian Day number
+#	corresponding to the NTP time stamp, X, can be computed as
+#
+#	X/86400 + 15020
+#
+#	where the first term converts seconds to days and the second
+#	term adds the MJD corresponding to the time origin defined above.
+#	The integer portion of the result is the integer MJD for that
+#	day, and any remainder is the time of day, expressed as the
+#	fraction of the day since 0 hours UTC. The conversion from day
+#	fraction to seconds or to hours, minutes, and seconds may involve
+#	rounding or truncation, depending on the method used in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#	The data in this file will be updated periodically as new leap
+#	seconds are announced. In addition to being entered on the line
+#	above, the update time (in NTP format) will be added to the basic
+#	file name leap-seconds to form the name leap-seconds..
+#	In addition, the generic name leap-seconds.list will always point to
+#	the most recent version of the file.
+#
+#	This update procedure will be performed only when a new leap second
+#	is announced.
+#
+#	The following entry specifies the expiration date of the data
+#	in this file in units of seconds since the origin at the instant
+#	1 January 1900, 00:00:00. This expiration date will be changed
+#	at least twice per year whether or not a new leap second is
+#	announced. These semi-annual changes will be made no later
+#	than 1 June and 1 December of each year to indicate what
+#	action (if any) is to be taken on 30 June and 31 December,
+#	respectively. (These are the customary effective dates for new
+#	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
+#	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
+#	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
+#	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
+#	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
+#	announced or at least one month before the effective date
+#	(whichever is later).
+#	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
+#	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
+#	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
+#	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
+#	will not change.
+#
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C56
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2019
+#
+#@	3770668800
+#
+2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
+2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
+2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
+2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
+2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
+2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
+2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
+2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
+2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
+2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
+2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
+2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
+2634854400	22	# 1 Jul 1983
+2698012800	23	# 1 Jul 1985
+2776982400	24	# 1 Jan 1988
+2840140800	25	# 1 Jan 1990
+2871676800	26	# 1 Jan 1991
+2918937600	27	# 1 Jul 1992
+2950473600	28	# 1 Jul 1993
+2982009600	29	# 1 Jul 1994
+3029443200	30	# 1 Jan 1996
+3076704000	31	# 1 Jul 1997
+3124137600	32	# 1 Jan 1999
+3345062400	33	# 1 Jan 2006
+3439756800	34	# 1 Jan 2009
+3550089600	35	# 1 Jul 2012
+3644697600	36	# 1 Jul 2015
+3692217600	37	# 1 Jan 2017
+#
+#	the following special comment contains the
+#	hash value of the data in this file computed
+#	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
+#	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
+#	the details of how this hash value is
+#	computed. Note that the hash computation
+#	ignores comments and whitespace characters
+#	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
+#	of both the last modification time and the
+#	expiration time of the file, but not the
+#	white space on those lines.
+#	the hash line is also ignored in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#h 	62ca19f6 96a4ae0a 3708451c 9f8693f4 016604eb
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds b/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds
index 5b5c70eb6b..325f3a1d13 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file.
 
-# Allowance for leapseconds added to each timezone file.
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
+# leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
+# 
+# or 
+# or .
+# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
+# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
+# .
+
+# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
+# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
+# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space)
+# and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file
+# .
+# See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second.
+# URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995
+# .
 
-# The International Earth Rotation Service periodically uses leap seconds
-# to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
-# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see
-# Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
-# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905.
 # There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism
 # accounting for the discrepancy between atomic time and the earth's rotation
-# did not exist until the early 1970s.
+# did not exist.  The first ("1 Jan 1972") data line in leap-seconds.list
+# does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition
+# of UTC.
 
 # The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so lines
 # will typically look like:
@@ -19,10 +32,7 @@
 # or
 #	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S
 
-# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time
-# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC
-
-# Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S
+# If the leap second is Rolling (R) the given time is local time (unused here).
 Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1972	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1973	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
@@ -48,53 +58,12 @@ Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 
-# INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS SERVICE (IERS)
-#
-# SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE ET DES SYSTEMES DE REFERENCE
-#
-#
-# SERVICE DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE
-# OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS
-# 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France)
-# Tel.      : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26
-# FAX       : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91
-# e-mail    : (E-Mail Removed)
-# http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc
-#
-# Paris, 5 January 2012
-#
-#
-# Bulletin C 43
-#
-# To authorities responsible
-# for the measurement and
-# distribution of time
-#
-#
-# UTC TIME STEP
-# on the 1st of July 2012
-#
-#
-# A positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 2012.
-# The sequence of dates of the UTC second markers will be:
-#
-#                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 59s
-#                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 60s
-#                          2012 July  1,      0h  0m  0s
-#
-# The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is:
-#
-# from 2009 January 1, 0h UTC, to 2012 July 1  0h UTC  : UTC-TAI = - 34s
-# from 2012 July 1,    0h UTC, until further notice    : UTC-TAI = - 35s
-#
-# Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December
-# or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every
-# six months, either to announce a time step in UTC or to confirm that there
-# will be no time step at the next possible date.
-#
-#
-# Daniel GAMBIS
-# Head
-# Earth Orientation Center of IERS
-# Observatoire de Paris, France
+# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
+#updated 1467936000
+#expires 1561680000
+
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C56
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2019
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica b/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica
index 1964903ebb..faaf97920e 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for North and Central America and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # also includes Central America and the Caribbean
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
@@ -20,12 +22,35 @@
 # Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
 # Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
 # Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
-# His pamphlet ``A System of National Time for Railroads'' (1870)
+# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
 # was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
 # in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
 # but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
-# His proposal was adopted by the railroads on 1883-11-18 at 12:00,
-# and the most of the country soon followed suit.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# Dowd's proposal left many details unresolved, such as where to draw
+# lines between time zones.  The key individual who made time zones
+# work in the US was William Frederick Allen - railway engineer,
+# managing editor of the Travelers' Guide, and secretary of the
+# General Time Convention, a railway standardization group.  Allen
+# spent months in dialogs with scientific and railway leaders,
+# developed a workable plan to institute time zones, and presented it
+# to the General Time Convention on 1883-04-11, saying that his plan
+# meant "local time would be practically abolished" - a plus for
+# railway scheduling.  By the next convention on 1883-10-11 nearly all
+# railroads had agreed and it took effect on 1883-11-18.  That Sunday
+# was called the "day of two noons", as some locations observed noon
+# twice.  Allen witnessed the transition in New York City, writing:
+#
+#   I heard the bells of St. Paul's strike on the old time.  Four
+#   minutes later, obedient to the electrical signal from the Naval
+#   Observatory ... the time-ball made its rapid descent, the chimes
+#   of old Trinity rang twelve measured strokes, and local time was
+#   abandoned, probably forever.
+#
+# Most of the US soon followed suit.  See:
+# Bartky IR. The adoption of standard time. Technol Cult 1989 Jan;30(1):25-56.
+# https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105430
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-04-16):
 # That 1883 transition occurred at 12:00 new time, not at 12:00 old time.
@@ -40,8 +65,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
-# in his whimsical essay ``An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
-# of Light'' published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
+# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
 # Not everyone is happy with the results:
 #
 #	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
@@ -55,13 +80,13 @@
 #	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
 #	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
 #
-#	-- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
+#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
 #	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
 #
 # For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
-# Robert Garland's 
-# Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
-# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html
 #
 # Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
 # However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
@@ -80,11 +105,14 @@
 # From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
 # Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
 # In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
-# An AltaVista search turned up
-# :
+# An AltaVista search turned up:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20000926032210/http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
 # "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
 # Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
-#  (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-09-23):
+# This was the V-J Day issue of the Clamdigger, a Rowayton, CT newsletter.
 
 # From Joseph Gallant citing
 # George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
@@ -124,7 +152,7 @@ Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
 Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
-Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -154,22 +182,6 @@ Zone	CST6CDT		 -6:00	US	C%sT
 Zone	MST7MDT		 -7:00	US	M%sT
 Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# ...Alaska (and Hawaii) had the timezone names changed in 1967.
-#    old			 new
-#    Pacific Standard Time(PST)  -same-
-#    Yukon Standard Time(YST)    -same-
-#    Central Alaska S.T. (CAT)   Alaska-Hawaii St[an]dard Time (AHST)
-#    Nome Standard Time (NT)     Bering Standard Time (BST)
-#
-# ...Alaska's timezone lines were redrawn in 1983 to give only 2 tz.
-#    The YST zone now covers nearly all of the state, AHST just part
-#    of the Aleutian islands.   No DST.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# The tables below use `NST', not `NT', for Nome Standard Time.
-# I invented `CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
-
 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 # USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
 # USA  EASTERN       4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
@@ -182,7 +194,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
 # USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
 # USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
-# USA  - " -         9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
 # USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
 # USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY
 
@@ -226,28 +238,48 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 #	Samoa standard time
 # The law doesn't give abbreviations.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-19):
+# Here are URLs for the 1918 and 1966 legislation:
+# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=40&page=451
+# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=80&page=108
+# Although the 1918 names were officially "United States Standard
+# Eastern Time" and similarly for "Central", "Mountain", "Pacific",
+# and "Alaska", in practice "Standard" was placed just before "Time",
+# as codified in 1966.  In practice, Alaska time was abbreviated "AST"
+# before 1968.  Summarizing the 1967 name changes:
+#	1918 names			1967 names
+#  -08	Standard Pacific Time (PST)	Pacific standard time (PST)
+#  -09	(unofficial) Yukon (YST)	Yukon standard time (YST)
+#  -10	Standard Alaska Time (AST)	Alaska-Hawaii standard time (AHST)
+#  -11	(unofficial) Nome (NST)		Bering standard time (BST)
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08), following a heads-up from Rives McDow:
-# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced the abbreviation
-# "Chamorro Standard Time" for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.
-# See the file "australasia".
+# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced ... "Chamorro Standard Time"
+# for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.  See the file "australasia".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-17):
+# HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
+# standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
+# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
 
 # From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
 # The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
 #
 # H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
-#   (a) Amendment- Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
+#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
 #   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
-#     (1) by striking `first Sunday of April' and inserting `second
-#     Sunday of March'; and
-#     (2) by striking `last Sunday of October' and inserting `first
+#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
+#     Sunday of March"; and
+#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
 #     Sunday of November'.
-#   (b) Effective Date- Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
+#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
 #   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
-#   (c) Report to Congress- Not later than 9 months after the effective
+#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
 #   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
 #   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
 #   States.
-#   (d) Right to Revert- Congress retains the right to revert the
+#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
 #   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
 #   Department study is complete.
 
@@ -269,13 +301,28 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-26):
 # According to today's Huntsville Times
-# 
+# http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/1125047783228320.xml&coll=1
 # a few towns on Alabama's "eastern border with Georgia, such as Phenix City
 # in Russell County, Lanett in Chambers County and some towns in Lee County,
 # set their watches and clocks on Eastern time."  It quotes H.H. "Bubba"
 # Roberts, city administrator in Phenix City. as saying "We are in the Central
 # time zone, but we do go by the Eastern time zone because so many people work
 # in Columbus."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
+# Four cities are involved.  The two not mentioned above are Smiths Station
+# and Valley.  Barbara Brooks, Valley's assistant treasurer, heard it started
+# because West Point Pepperell textile mills were in Alabama while the
+# corporate office was in Georgia, and residents voted to keep Eastern
+# time even after the mills closed.  See: Kazek K. Did you know which
+# Alabama towns are in a different time zone?  al.com 2017-02-06.
+# http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2017/02/do_you_know_which_alabama_town.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
+# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
+# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.  Round to the
+# nearest second.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -302,8 +349,20 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
 # western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-07):
+# In 1869 the Chicago Astronomical Society contracted with the city to keep
+# time.  Though delayed by the Great Fire, by 1880 a wire ran from the
+# Dearborn Observatory (on the University of Chicago campus) to City Hall,
+# which then sent signals to police and fire stations.  However, railroads got
+# their time signals from the Allegheny Observatory, the Madison Observatory,
+# the Ann Arbor Observatory, etc., so their clocks did not agree with each
+# other or with the city's official time.  The confusion took some years to
+# clear up.  See:
+# Moser M. How Chicago gave America its time zones. Chicago. 2018-01-04.
+# http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/January-2018/How-Chicago-Gave-America-Its-Time-Zones/
+
 # From Larry M. Smith (2006-04-26) re Wisconsin:
-# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0175.pdf ...
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/175.pdf
 # is currently enforced at the 01:00 time of change.  Because the local
 # "bar time" in the state corresponds to 02:00, a number of citations
 # are issued for the "sale of class 'B' alcohol after prohibited
@@ -312,7 +371,17 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # From Douglas R. Bomberg (2007-03-12):
 # Wisconsin has enacted (nearly eleventh-hour) legislation to get WI
 # Statue 175 closer in synch with the US Congress' intent....
-# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2007/data/acts/07Act3.pdf
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2007/related/acts/3
+
+# From an email administrator of the City of Fort Pierre, SD (2015-12-21):
+# Fort Pierre is technically located in the Mountain time zone as is
+# the rest of Stanley County.  Most of Stanley County and Fort Pierre
+# uses the Central time zone due to doing most of their business in
+# Pierre so it simplifies schedules.  I have lived in Stanley County
+# all my life and it has been that way since I can remember.  (43 years!)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-12-25):
+# Assume this practice predates 1970, so Fort Pierre can use America/Chicago.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -324,15 +393,15 @@ Rule	Chicago	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
-			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15 2:00
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15  2:00
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 # Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
 Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25 02:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 # Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
 # 2003-10-26, except for the area around Mandan which was already central time.
@@ -341,29 +410,25 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
 # Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
 # but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
 # See .
-Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26 02:00
+Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # From Josh Findley (2011-01-21):
 # ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
 # mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
 # daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
-# 
-# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
-# 
-# 
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
 # http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
-# 
 
 # From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
 # ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
 # it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
 # largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
-# at 4715'51" north, 10146'40" west, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
+# at 47° 15' 51" N, 101° 46' 40" W, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
 
-Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7 2:00
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # US mountain time, represented by Denver
@@ -374,6 +439,19 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
 # western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
 # and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-25):
+# On 1921-03-04 federal law placed all of Texas into the central time zone.
+# However, El Paso ignored the law for decades and continued to observe
+# mountain time, on the grounds that that's what they had always done
+# and they weren't about to let the federal government tell them what to do.
+# Eventually the federal government gave in and changed the law on
+# 1970-04-10 to match what El Paso was actually doing.  Although
+# that's slightly after our 1970 cutoff, there is no need to create a
+# separate zone for El Paso since they were ignoring the law anyway.  See:
+# Long T. El Pasoans were time rebels, fought to stay in Mountain zone.
+# El Paso Times. 2018-10-24 06:40 -06.
+# https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2018/10/24/el-pasoans-were-time-rebels-fought-stay-mountain-zone/1744509002/
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -391,14 +469,46 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
 #
 # California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
-# Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties,
-# and the northern three-quarters of Idaho county),
-# most of Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
+# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
+# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern ¾ of
+# Malheur county), and Washington
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-20):
+# In early February 1948, in response to California's electricity shortage,
+# PG&E changed power frequency from 60 to 59.5 Hz during daylight hours,
+# causing electric clocks to lose six minutes per day.  (This did not change
+# legal time, and is not part of the data here.)  See:
+# Ross SA. An energy crisis from the past: Northern California in 1948.
+# Working Paper No. 8, Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley,
+# 1973-11.  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x22k30c
+#
+# In another measure to save electricity, DST was instituted from 1948-03-14
+# at 02:01 to 1949-01-16 at 02:00, with the governor having the option to move
+# the fallback transition earlier.  See pages 3-4 of:
+# http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1948/48Vol1_Chapters.pdf
+#
+# In response:
+#
+#   Governor Warren received a torrent of objecting mail, and it is not too much
+#   to speculate that the objections to Daylight Saving Time were one important
+#   factor in the defeat of the Dewey-Warren Presidential ticket in California.
+#     -- Ross, p 25
+#
+# On December 8 the governor exercised the option, setting the date to January 1
+# (LA Times 1948-12-09).  The transition time was 02:00 (LA Times 1949-01-01).
+#
+# Despite the controversy, in 1949 California voters approved Proposition 12,
+# which established DST from April's last Sunday at 01:00 until September's
+# last Sunday at 02:00. This was amended by 1962's Proposition 6, which changed
+# the fall-back date to October's last Sunday. See:
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
-Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:01	1:00	D
 Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	1:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CA	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	CA	1962	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -408,31 +518,45 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 			-8:00	US	P%sT
 
 # Alaska
-# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -9:00 per USNO.
+# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -09 per USNO.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-06-15):
 # Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
 # and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
-# This was on 1867-10-18, a Friday; the previous day was 1867-10-06 Julian,
-# also a Friday.  Include only the time zone part of this transition,
-# ignoring the switch from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent
-# the Julian calendar.
+# On Friday, 1867-10-18 (Gregorian), at precisely 15:30 local time, the
+# Russian forts and fleet at Sitka fired salutes to mark the ceremony of
+# formal transfer.  See the Sacramento Daily Union (1867-11-14), p 3, col 2.
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18671114.2.12.1
+# Sitka workers did not change their calendars until Sunday, 1867-10-20,
+# and so celebrated two Sundays that week.  See: Ahllund T (tr Hallamaa P).
+# From the memoirs of a Finnish workman. Alaska History. 2006 Fall;21(2):1-25.
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Ahllund-2006-Memoirs-of-a-Finnish-Workman.pdf
+# Include only the time zone part of this transition, ignoring the switch
+# from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent the Julian calendar.
 #
-# As far as we know, none of the exact locations mentioned below were
+# As far as we know, of the locations mentioned below only Sitka was
 # permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
-# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement
-# was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
-# were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
-# it's best to simply use the official transition.
-#
+# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement was
+# destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  Many of Alaska's inhabitants
+# were unaware of the US acquisition of Alaska, much less of any calendar or
+# time change.  However, the Russian-influenced part of Alaska did observe
+# Russian time, and it is more accurate to model this than to ignore it.
+# The database format requires an exact transition time; use the Russian
+# salute as a somewhat-arbitrary time for the formal transfer of control for
+# all of Alaska.  Sitka's UTC offset is -9:01:13; adjust its 15:30 to the
+# local times of other Alaskan locations so that they change simultaneously.
 
-# From Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31):
-# The author lives in Alaska and many of the references listed are only
-# available to Alaskan residents.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
+# One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
+# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
+# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
+# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
+# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
 #
-# 
-# http://www.alaskahistoricalsociety.org/index.cfm?section=discover%20alaska&page=Glimpses%20of%20the%20Past&viewpost=2&ContentId=98
-# 
+# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
+# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
+# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
 # Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
@@ -458,12 +582,10 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
 # I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
 # Community office (using contact information available at
-# 
 # http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
-# ).
 # It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
 # the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
-# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no--they were on their
+# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
 # own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
 # did not inquire about practices in the past.
 
@@ -471,67 +593,85 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # For lack of better information, assume that Metlakatla's
 # abandonment of use of daylight saving resulted from the 1983 vote.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-11-09):
+# It seems Metlakatla did go off PST on Sunday, November 1, changing
+# their time to AKST and are going to follow Alaska's DST, switching
+# between AKST and AKDT from now on....
+# https://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/
+
+# From Ryan Stanley (2018-11-06):
+# The Metlakatla community in Alaska has decided not to change its
+# clock back an hour starting on November 4th, 2018 (day before yesterday).
+# They will be gmtoff=-28800 year-round.
+# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/pb.141055983004923.-2207520000.1541465673./569081370202380/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-12-16):
+# In a 2018-12-11 special election, Metlakatla voted to go back to
+# Alaska time (including daylight saving time) starting next year.
+# https://www.krbd.org/2018/12/12/metlakatla-to-follow-alaska-standard-time-allow-liquor-sales/
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:33:32
 			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27 2:00
-			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26 2:00
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26  2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:30
 			 -9:01:13 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:44:55
 			 -8:46:18 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
-			 -8:00	-	MeST
-Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2015 Nov  1  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT	2018 Nov  4  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2019 Mar Sun>=8 3:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:12:18
 			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 14:31:37
 			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
-			-10:00	-	CAT	1942
-			-10:00	US	CAT/CAWT 1945 Aug 14 23:00u
-			-10:00	US	CAT/CAPT 1946 # Peace
-			-10:00	-	CAT	1967 Apr
+			-10:00	-	AST	1942
+			-10:00	US	A%sT	1967 Apr
 			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
-			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Nome	 12:58:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 13:29:35
 			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
-			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Adak	 12:13:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 12:44:35
 			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
-			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
-			-10:00	US	HA%sT
+			-10:00	US	H%sT
 # The following switches don't quite make our 1970 cutoff.
 #
 # Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
@@ -547,7 +687,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 #  Minutes of the Unalaska City Council Meeting, January 10, 1967:
 #  "Except for St. Paul and Akutan, Unalaska is the only important
 #  location not on Alaska Standard Time.  The following resolution was
-#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson:  Be it
+#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson: Be it
 #  resolved that the City of Unalaska hereby goes to Alaska Standard
 #  Time as of midnight Friday, January 13, 1967 (1 A.M. Saturday,
 #  January 14, Alaska Standard Time.)  This resolution was passed with
@@ -559,9 +699,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
 # of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
 # the article is available at
-# 
-# http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
-# 
+# https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
 # and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
 # 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
 # saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
@@ -582,7 +720,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # year, the standard time of this Territory shall be advanced one
 # hour...This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved this 26th
 # day of April, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M JUDD, Governor of the Territory of
-# Hawaii." Page 172:  "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
+# Hawaii." Page 172: "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
 # hereby repealed...This Act shall take effect upon its approval, upon
 # which date the standard time of this Territory shall be restored to
 # that existing immediately prior to the taking effect of said Act 90.
@@ -592,12 +730,11 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # Note that 1933-05-21 was a Sunday.
 # We're left to guess the time of day when Act 163 was approved; guess noon.
 
-Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
-			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30 2:00 #Laws 1933
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00 #Laws 1933+12
-			-10:30	-	HST	1942 Feb 09 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1945 Sep 30 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
-			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
+			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8  2:00
 			-10:00	-	HST
 
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
@@ -607,9 +744,9 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
 #
 # The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
-# 
-# Daylight Saving Time web page (2002-01-23) maintained by the
-# Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Daylight Saving Time web page
+#  (2002-01-23)
+# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
 # Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
 # time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
 # personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
@@ -623,10 +760,11 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 # Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
 # Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
 
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1 00:01
-			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1 00:01
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1 00:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1  0:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1  0:01
 			-7:00	-	MST	1967
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
 			-7:00	-	MST
@@ -636,8 +774,9 @@ Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
 # Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
 # large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
 # tribal nations don't use DST.)
-
-Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
+# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.
 
 # Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
 # Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
@@ -649,24 +788,38 @@ Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13 2:00
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13  2:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1974
-			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3 2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3  2:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 
 # Indiana
 #
 # For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
-# 
-# What time is it in Indiana?
-#  (2006-03-01)
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
+# A brief but entertaining history of time in Indiana describes a 1949 debate
+# in the Indiana House where city legislators (who favored "fast time")
+# tussled with farm legislators (who didn't) over a bill to outlaw DST:
+#  "Lacking enough votes, the city faction tries to filibuster until time runs
+#   out on the session at midnight, but rural champion Rep. Herbert Copeland,
+#   R-Madison, leans over the gallery railing and forces the official clock
+#   back to 9 p.m., breaking it in the process.  The clock sticks on 9 as the
+#   debate rages on into the night.  The filibuster finally dies out and the
+#   bill passes, while outside the chamber, clocks read 3:30 a.m.  In the end,
+#   it doesn't matter which side won.  The law has no enforcement powers and
+#   is simply ignored by fast-time communities."
+# How Indiana went from 'God's time' to split zones and daylight-saving.
+# Indianapolis Star. 2018-11-27 14:58 -05.
+# https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/27/indianapolis-indiana-time-zone-history-central-eastern-daylight-savings-time/2126300002/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
 # with the following exceptions:
 #
 # - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
-#   Vandenburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
+#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
 #
 # - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
 #
@@ -677,30 +830,24 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
 #   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
 #
 # Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
-# and wrote ``Even newspaper reports present contradictory information.''
+# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
 # Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
 # Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
 #
 # Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
-# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the `America' level.
-# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory `America/Indiana'.
+# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
+# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
-# http://www.mccsc.edu/time.html says that Indiana will use DST starting 2006.
-
-# From Nathan Stratton Treadway (2006-03-30):
-# http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot0406.htm [3705 B]
-# From Deborah Goldsmith (2006-01-18):
-# http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf95/382329_web.pdf [2.9 MB]
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-01-20):
-# It says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
+# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
+# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
 # Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
 # Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
-# this rule is 2:OO a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
+# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
 # changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
-# Strictly speaking, this means the affected counties will change their
-# clocks twice that night, but this obviously is in error.  The intent
-# is that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
+# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
+# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
+# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
 # The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
@@ -712,13 +859,13 @@ Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
+Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
 			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29 2:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27 2:00
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
@@ -734,10 +881,10 @@ Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:37
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1951
-			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30 2:00
+			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1976
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
@@ -758,11 +905,11 @@ Rule Vincennes	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:53
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26 2:00
+			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
@@ -779,10 +926,10 @@ Rule Perry	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:57
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26 2:00
+			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 #
 # Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
@@ -795,11 +942,11 @@ Rule	Pike	1961	1964	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:10:53
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1955
-			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4 2:00
+			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Starke County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1991,
@@ -817,10 +964,10 @@ Rule	Starke	1959	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:30
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1947
-			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
+			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 #
 # Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
@@ -833,22 +980,29 @@ Rule	Pulaski	1957	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:35
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30 2:00
+			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25 2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# The Louisville & Nashville Railroad's 1883-11-18 change occurred at
+# 10:00 old local time; train were supposed to come to a standstill
+# for precisely 18 minutes.  See Bartky Fig. 1 (page 50).  It is not
+# clear how this matched civil time in Louisville, so for now continue
+# to assume Louisville switched at noon new local time, like New York.
+#
 # Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
 # This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
@@ -864,18 +1018,17 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1921
 			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23 2:00
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1968
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Wayne County, Kentucky
 #
-# From
-# 
-# Lake Cumberland LIFE
-#  (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml
+# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
 # Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
 # the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
 # the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
@@ -892,9 +1045,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
 # The final rule was published in the
-# 
-# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), page 50154-50158.
-# 
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-08-17/html/00-20854.htm
 #
 Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
@@ -919,9 +1071,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
 # West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
 # 1999-10-31.  See the
-# 
-# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), page 56705-56707.
-# 
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-10-21/html/99-27240.htm
 # However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
 # on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
 # hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
@@ -947,24 +1098,35 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
-# Garland (1927) writes ``Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
-# one hour in 1914.''  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
 # info, so omit this for now.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-26):
+# Although Shanks says Detroit observed DST in 1967 from 06-14 00:01
+# until 10-29 00:01, I now see multiple reports that this is incorrect.
+# For example, according to a 50-year anniversary report about the 1967
+# Detroit riots and a major-league doubleheader on 1967-07-23, "By the time
+# the last fly ball of the doubleheader settled into the glove of leftfielder
+# Lenny Green, it was after 7 p.m.  Detroit did not observe daylight saving
+# time, so light was already starting to fail.  Twilight was made even deeper
+# by billowing columns of smoke that ascended in an unbroken wall north of the
+# ballpark."  See: Dow B. Detroit '67: As violence unfolded, Tigers played two
+# at home vs. Yankees. Detroit Free Press 2017-07-23.
+# https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2017/07/23/detroit-tigers-1967-riot-new-york-yankees/499951001/
+#
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Jun	14	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
-			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15 2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Detroit	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1975
-			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
@@ -977,8 +1139,8 @@ Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29 2:00
+			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # Navassa
@@ -988,26 +1150,26 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
 # US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
 # currently uninhabited
-# see Mark Fineman, ``An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord'',
+# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
 # _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
 # Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
 
 ################################################################################
 
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Other sources occasionally used include:
 #
@@ -1015,22 +1177,22 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-#	.
+#	.
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Greenland.
+# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
 
 # Canada
 
-# From Alain LaBont (1994-11-14):
+# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
 # I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
 # for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
 #
-#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight savings time
+#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
 #	offset	French	English	French	English
 #	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
 #	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
@@ -1043,7 +1205,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
 #
 #	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
-#	HA: Heure Avance	DT: Daylight saving Time
+#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
 #
 #	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
 #	C: du Centre		Central
@@ -1058,7 +1220,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-22):
 # Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.
 
-# Unless otherwise specified, the data for Canada are all from Shanks
+# Unless otherwise specified, the data entries for Canada are all from Shanks
 # & Pottenger.
 
 # From Chris Walton (2006-04-01, 2006-04-25, 2006-06-26, 2007-01-31,
@@ -1066,19 +1228,19 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # The British Columbia government announced yesterday that it will
 # adjust daylight savings next year to align with changes in the
 # U.S. and the rest of Canada....
-# http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
+# https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
 # ...
 # Nova Scotia
 # Daylight saving time will be extended by four weeks starting in 2007....
-# http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
+# https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
 #
 # [For New Brunswick] the new legislation dictates that the time change is to
 # be done at 02:00 instead of 00:01.
-# http://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
+# https://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
 # ...
 # Manitoba has traditionally changed the clock every fall at 03:00.
 # As of 2006, the transition is to take place one hour earlier at 02:00.
-# http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
+# https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
 # ...
 # [Alberta, Ontario, Quebec] will follow US rules.
 # http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/spring/CH03_06.CFM
@@ -1092,7 +1254,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # http://www.hoa.gov.nl.ca/hoa/bills/Bill0634.htm
 # ...
 # Yukon
-# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
+# https://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
 # ...
 # N.W.T. will follow US rules.  Whoever maintains the government web site
 # does not seem to believe in bookmarks.  To see the news release, click the
@@ -1105,17 +1267,16 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # An amendment to the Interpretation Act was registered on February 19/2007....
 # http://action.attavik.ca/home/justice-gn/attach/2007/gaz02part2.pdf
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-18):
 # H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
-# 
 # "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
-#  contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
+# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
 # time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
 #
-# INMS, the Institute for National Measurement Standards in Ottawa, has 
-# information about standard and daylight saving time zones in Canada.
-#  (updated periodically).
+# National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
 # Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
@@ -1124,9 +1285,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 
 # From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
 # In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
 # The quote includes these two statements:
 # 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
@@ -1154,11 +1313,13 @@ Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 
 # Newfoundland and Labrador
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Labrador should use NST/NDT,
-# but the only part of Labrador that follows the rules is the
-# southeast corner, including Port Hope Simpson and Mary's Harbour,
-# but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-14):
+# Legally Labrador should observe Newfoundland time; see:
+# McLeod J. Labrador time - legal or not? St. John's Telegram, 2017-10-07
+# http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/labrador-time--legal-or-not-154860/
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that the only part of Labrador
+# that follows the rules is the southeast corner, including Port Hope
+# Simpson and Mary's Harbour, but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1194,9 +1355,7 @@ Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
 # now occurs at 2:00AM.
 # ...
-# 
 # http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
-# 
 # ...
 # MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
 # Office of the Chief Information Officer
@@ -1223,7 +1382,7 @@ Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
 
 # most of east Labrador
 
-# The name `Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use `Goose Bay'.
+# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
@@ -1232,17 +1391,26 @@ Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30	-	NST	1936
 			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
 			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
-			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15 2:00
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15  2:00
 			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT	2011 Nov
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
 
 
 # west Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-07-20):
+# From the historical weather station records available at:
+# https://weatherspark.com/history/28351/1971/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada
+# Sydney shares the same time history as Glace Bay, so was
+# likely to be the same across the island....
+# Sydney, as the capital and most populous location, or Cape Breton, would
+# have been better names for the zone had we known this in 1996.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-20):
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has been like
 # Halifax.  Many locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1972;
-# Glace Bay, NS is the largest that we know of.
+# the Cape Breton area, represented by Glace Bay, is the largest we know of
+# (Glace Bay was perhaps not the best name choice but no point changing now).
 # Shanks & Pottenger also write that Liverpool, NS was the only town
 # in Canada to observe DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume
 # this is a typo.
@@ -1293,7 +1461,7 @@ Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
-			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
@@ -1340,68 +1508,26 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 
 # Quebec
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Quebec has been
-# like Montreal.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
+#
 # Matthews and Vincent (1998) also write that Quebec east of the -63
 # meridian is supposed to observe AST, but residents as far east as
 # Natashquan use EST/EDT, and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
-# In "Official time in Quebec" the Quebec department of justice writes in
-# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-regl-1-a.htm
-# that "The residents of the Municipality of the
-# Cote-Nord-du-Golfe-Saint-Laurent and the municipalities of Saint-Augustin,
-# Bonne-Esperance and Blanc-Sablon apply the Official Time Act as it is
-# written and use Atlantic standard time all year round. The same applies to
-# the residents of the Native facilities along the lower North Shore."
-# 
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-minganie-a.htm
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# https://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
 # says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
 # For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
 # Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
 
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# The 1927-to-1937 rules can be expressed more simply as
-# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
-# The rules below avoid use of 24:00
-# (which pre-1998 versions of zic cannot handle).
-Rule	Mont	1927	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1927	1932	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1928	1931	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1932	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
 			-4:00	-	AST
-Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
-
 
 # Ontario
 
@@ -1420,20 +1546,23 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
 # 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
 # hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
-# only two weeks -- I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
 # presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
 # earlier in June).
 #
 # Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-08):
+# For more on Orillia, see: Daubs K. Bold attempt at daylight saving
+# time became a comic failure in Orillia. Toronto Star 2017-07-08.
+# https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/08/bold-attempt-at-daylight-saving-time-became-a-comic-failure-in-orillia.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
 # Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
 # says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
 # but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
-# He also writes that the
-# 
-# Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
-# 
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
 # says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
 # Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
 # concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
@@ -1512,9 +1641,7 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
 # volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
 # was available at
-# 
 # http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
-# 
 #
 # It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
 #
@@ -1525,26 +1652,26 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # ing in 1930. The information for the province of Quebec is definite,
 # for the other provinces only approximate:
 #
-# 	Province	Daylight saving time used
+#	Province	Daylight saving time used
 # Prince Edward Island	Not used.
 # Nova Scotia		In Halifax only.
 # New Brunswick		In St. John only.
 # Quebec		In the following places:
-# 			Montreal	Lachine
-# 			Quebec		Mont-Royal
-# 			Levis		Iberville
-# 			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madeleine
-# 			Verdun		Loretteville
-# 			Westmount	Richmond
-# 			Outremont	St. Jerome
-# 			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
-# 			Arvida		Waterloo
-# 			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
-# 			Melbourne	La Tuque
-# 			St. Theophile	Buckingham
+#			Montreal	Lachine
+#			Quebec		Mont-Royal
+#			Lévis		Iberville
+#			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
+#			Verdun		Loretteville
+#			Westmount	Richmond
+#			Outremont	St. Jérôme
+#			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
+#			Arvida		Waterloo
+#			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
+#			Melbourne	La Tuque
+#			St. Théophile	Buckingham
 # Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
-# 			the southerly part of the province. Not
-# 			used in the northwesterlhy part.
+#			the southerly part of the province. Not
+#			used in the northwesterly part.
 # Manitoba		Not used.
 # Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
 # Alberta		Not used.
@@ -1613,7 +1740,7 @@ Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
-			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
@@ -1621,21 +1748,21 @@ Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	-	CST	1910
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30 2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 
@@ -1648,7 +1775,7 @@ Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 # the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
 # Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
 # following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
-# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had =
+# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
 # been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
 # Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
 # the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
@@ -1771,12 +1898,12 @@ Rule	Swift	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Swift	1960	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Regina	-6:58:36 -	LMT	1905 Sep
-			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST
 Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
-			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1950
-			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST
 
 
@@ -1826,43 +1953,37 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
 # keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
 # manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
-# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UTC-7 for 93 years.
+# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
 # Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
 
 # Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
 # unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
 # ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
-# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing the
-# article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the subject
-# of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
-# 
+# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
+# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
+# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
 # http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
-# 
 
 # Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
 # 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date unknown
 # 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
-# Exact date in October unknown;  Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
+# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
 # 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
-# note#1:
+# note 1:
 # On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
 # Creston did not change its clocks.
-# note#2:
+# note 2:
 # During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
 # Creston did not oblige.
-# note#3:
+# note 3:
 # There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
 # (UTC-7) forever.
 # The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
-# 
 # http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
-# 
 
 # During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
 # In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
@@ -1873,6 +1994,22 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 
 # The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
 
+# From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
+# Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
+# were aligned with America/Vancouver, they're now aligned with
+# America/Dawson_Creek.
+# http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/meta/news/archives/2015/northern-rockies-time-change.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-09-23):
+# This requires a new zone for the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality,
+# America/Fort_Nelson.  The resolution of 2014-12-08 was reached following a
+# 2014-11-15 poll with nearly 75% support.  Effectively, the municipality has
+# been on MST (-0700) like Dawson Creek since it advanced its clocks on
+# 2015-03-08.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
@@ -1889,7 +2026,13 @@ Zone America/Vancouver	-8:12:28 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	1947
-			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30 2:00
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	-	PST	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
 			-7:00	-	MST
 Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
@@ -1902,32 +2045,129 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
 # Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
 #	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
-#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9.  This is still valid;
+#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
 #	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
+#	[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html]
 #	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
 #	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
 #	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
-# Shanks & Pottenger say Yukon's 1973-10-28 switch was at 2:00; go
-# with Englander.
-# From Chris Walton (2006-06-26):
-# Here is a link to the old daylight saving portion of the interpretation
-# act which was last updated in 1987:
-# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic1987_056.pdf
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-04-14):
+#
+# I tried to trace the history of Yukon time and found the following
+# regulations, giving the reference title and URL if found, regulation name,
+# and relevant quote if available.  Each regulation specifically revokes its
+# predecessor.  The final reference is to the current Interpretation Act
+# authorizing and resulting from these regulatory changes.
+#
+# Only recent regulations were retrievable via Yukon government site search or
+# index, and only some via Canadian legal sources.  Other sources used include
+# articles titled "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" from JRASC via ADS
+# Abstracts, cited by ADO for 1932 ..., and updated versions from 1958 and
+# 1970 quoted below; each article includes current extracts from provincial
+# and territorial ST and DST regulations at the end, summaries and details of
+# standard times and daylight saving time at many locations across Canada,
+# with time zone maps, tables and calculations for Canadian Sunrise, Sunset,
+# and LMST; they also cover many countries and global locations, with a chart
+# and table showing current Universal Time offsets, and may be useful as
+# another source of information for 1970 and earlier.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; JRASC, Vol. 26,
+#   pp.49-77; February 1932; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JRASC..26...49S from p.75:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance
+#   Yukon standard time is the local mean time at the one hundred and
+#   thirty-fifth meridian.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; Thomson, Malcolm M.;
+#   JRASC, Vol. 52, pp.193-223; October 1958; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
+#   (ADS) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JRASC..52..193S from pp.220-1:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance, 1955, Chap. 16.
+#
+#     (1) Subject to this section, standard time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time and called Yukon Standard Time.
+#
+#     (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Commissioner may make regulations
+#     varying the manner of reckoning standard time.
+#
+# * Yukon Territory Commissioner's Order 1966-20 Interpretation Ordinance
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Thomson, Malcolm M.; JRASC,
+#   Vol. 64, pp.129-162; June 1970; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JRASC..64..129T from p.156: Yukon
+#   Territory Commissioner's Order 1967-59 Interpretation Ordinance ...
+#
+#     1. Commissioner's Order 1966-20 dated at Whitehorse in the Yukon
+#     Territory on 27th January, 1966, is hereby revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon (East) Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the
+#     Interpretation Ordinance from and after mid-night on the 28th day of May,
+#     1967 shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that
+#     is to say, eight hours behind Greenwich Time in the area of the Yukon
+#     Territory lying east of the 138th degree longitude west.
+#
+#     3. In the remainder of the Territory, lying west of the 138th degree
+#     longitude west, Yukon (West) Standard Time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
+#   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
+#     revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the Interpretation
+#     Act from and after midnight on the twenty-eighth day of October, 1973
+#     shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that is
+#     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
+#   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#   In every year between
+#     (a) two o'clock in the morning in the first Sunday in April, and
+#     (b) two o'clock in the morning in the last Sunday in October,
+#   Standard Time shall be reckoned as seven hours behind Greenwich Time and
+#   called Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#   ...
+#   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
+#   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
+#     behind Greenwich mean time during the period commencing at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the second Sunday of March and ending at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the first Sunday of November and shall be called
+#     Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#
+#     2. Order-in-Council 1987/56 is revoked.
+#
+#     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
+#
+# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
+# https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
 # Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
-# 
 # Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
-# 
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
 # We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
 # to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# 
 # Basic Facts: The New Territory
-#  (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
+# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
+# (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
 # and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
 # Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
 
@@ -1955,8 +2195,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # the current state of affairs.
 
 # From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
-# 
-# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
 # Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
 # central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
 # for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
@@ -1974,10 +2214,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
 # required to use daylight savings.
 
-# From
-# 
-# Nunavut now has two time zones
-#  (2000-11-10):
+# From 
+# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
 # The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
 # Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
 # one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
@@ -2005,10 +2243,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # [Also see  (2001-03-09).]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-05-21):
-# According to maps at
-# http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/time_services/TZ01SWE.jpg
-# http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/time_services/TZ01SSE.jpg
-# (both dated 2003), and
+# According to ...
 # http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp
 # (from a 1998 Canadian Geographic article), the de facto and de jure time
 # for Southampton Island (at the north end of Hudson Bay) is UTC-5 all year
@@ -2017,9 +2252,11 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # predates the creation of Nunavut, it probably goes back many years....
 # The Inuktitut name of Coral Harbour is Sallit, but it's rarely used.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-17):
 # For lack of better information, assume that Southampton Island observed
-# daylight saving only during wartime.
+# daylight saving only during wartime.  Gwillim Law's email also
+# mentioned maps now maintained by National Research Council Canada;
+# see above for an up-to-date link.
 
 # From Chris Walton (2007-03-01):
 # ... the community of Resolute (located on Cornwallis Island in
@@ -2068,9 +2305,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
 # businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
 # Aziz:
-# 
 # http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
-# 
 #
 # I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
 # Eastern Standard Time.
@@ -2107,48 +2342,48 @@ Rule	NT_YK	1980	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NT_YK	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # aka Panniqtuuq
-Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	zzz	1921 # trading post est.
-			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	-00	1921 # trading post est.
+			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 # formerly Frobisher Bay
-Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	zzz	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
-			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	-00	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 # aka Qausuittuq
-Zone America/Resolute	0	-	zzz	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11 3:00
+Zone America/Resolute	0	-	-00	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11  3:00
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 # aka Kangiqiniq
-Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	zzz	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	-00	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 # aka Iqaluktuuttiaq
-Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	zzz	1920 # trading post est.?
-			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5 0:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	-00	1920 # trading post est.?
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5  0:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
-Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	zzz	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
+Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	-00	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
-Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	zzz	1953 # Inuvik founded
-			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun 2:00
+Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	-00	1953 # Inuvik founded
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
 Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
-			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1966 Jul 1 2:00
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1967 May 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
-			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28 0:00
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 
@@ -2157,12 +2392,11 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 
 # Mexico
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-12-07):
 # The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
 # Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
-# 
 # history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
-# .
+# http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm
 #
 # Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
 # (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
@@ -2207,9 +2441,8 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
 # For an English translation of the decree, see
-# 
-# ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04).
-# 
+# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04).
+# http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
 # The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
@@ -2221,7 +2454,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
 # Arizona year round.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard, translating
+# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
 #  (2001-01-17):
 # In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
 # Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
@@ -2234,7 +2467,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
 # that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
 # this year....
-# 
+# http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001
 # [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
 # in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.
 
@@ -2242,23 +2475,22 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
 # story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
 # http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
-# ... Mexico City Mayor Lopez Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
 # Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
-# the rest of the country..." In particular, Lopez Obrador would abolish
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
 # observation of Daylight Saving Time.
 
-# 
 # Official statute published by the Energy Department
-#  (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
-# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Norgaard (2001-02-03).
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre
+# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
 #
-# 
+# http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/20010303/t000018766.html
 # James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
-# 
 # * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
-# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador decreed that
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
 #   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
 # * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
 # * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
@@ -2266,7 +2498,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 #
 # For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2001-04-01):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
 # I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
 # saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
 # that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
@@ -2275,7 +2507,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
 # Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
 # September 30, 2001.
-# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
 # Palabra  (2001-03-31)
 
 # From Reuters (2001-09-04):
@@ -2287,7 +2519,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
 # subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
 # ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
 # that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
 # http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
@@ -2301,50 +2533,72 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # > the United States.
 # Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
 # 2010, some border regions will be the same:
-# 
 # http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
-# 
 # (Spanish)
 #
 # Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
-# 
 # (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
 #
 # There is also a list of the votes here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
 # The page
-# 
 # http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
-# 
 # includes this text:
 # En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
-# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
-# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
-# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
-# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
+# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
+# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
+# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
+# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
 # horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 # En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
-# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
-# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
-# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
-# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
-# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
+# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
+# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
+# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
+# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
+# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
 # las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2014-12-08), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# The Mexican state of Quintana Roo will likely change to EST in 2015.
+#
+# http://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/12/04/medio-ambiente/congreso-aprueba-una-hora-mas-de-sol-en-qroo
+# "With this change, the time conflict that has existed between the municipios
+# of Quintana Roo and the municipio of Felipe Carrillo Puerto may come to an
+# end. The latter declared itself in rebellion 15 years ago when a time change
+# was initiated in Mexico, and since then it has refused to change its time
+# zone along with the rest of the country."
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-01-14), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# http://sipse.com/novedades/confirman-aplicacion-de-nueva-zona-horaria-para-quintana-roo-132331.html
+# "...the new time zone will come into effect at two o'clock on the first Sunday
+# of February, when we will have to advance the clock one hour from its current
+# time..."
+# Also, the new zone will not use DST.
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2015-02-02):
+# The decree that modifies the Mexican Hour System Law has finally
+# been published at the Diario Oficial de la Federación
+# http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5380123&fecha=31/01/2015
+# It establishes 5 zones for Mexico:
+# 1- Zona Centro (Central Zone): Corresponds to longitude 90 W,
+#    includes most of Mexico, excluding what's mentioned below.
+# 2- Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone): Longitude 105 W, includes the
+#    states of Baja California Sur; Chihuahua; Nayarit (excluding Bahía
+#    de Banderas which lies in Central Zone); Sinaloa and Sonora.
+# 3- Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone): Longitude 120 W, includes the
+#    state of Baja California.
+# 4- Zona Sureste (Southeast Zone): Longitude 75 W, includes the state
+#    of Quintana Roo.
+# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
+#    longitude they are located at.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
@@ -2361,39 +2615,52 @@ Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Quintana Roo
+# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
 Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:12:56
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Campeche, Yucatan
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2015 Feb  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
 Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:01:32
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# This includes the following municipalities:
+#   in Coahuila: Ocampo, Acuña, Zaragoza, Jiménez, Piedras Negras, Nava,
+#     Guerrero, Hidalgo.
+#   in Nuevo León: Anáhuac, Los Aldama.
+#   in Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, Miguel Alemán, Camargo,
+#     Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa, Río Bravo, Valle Hermoso, Matamoros.
+# See: Inicia mañana Horario de Verano en zona fronteriza, El Universal,
+# 2016-03-12
+# http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2016/03/12/inicia-manana-horario-de-verano-en-zona-fronteriza
 Zone America/Matamoros	-6:40:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:20:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
+# Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
 Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Central Mexico
-Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1 0:23:24
+Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30 02:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Chihuahua (near US border)
-Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
+# This includes the municipalities of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe,
+# Práxedis G Guerrero, Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel Benavides.
+# (See the 2016-03-12 El Universal source mentioned above.)
+Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:02:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
@@ -2401,7 +2668,7 @@ Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
-			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 # Chihuahua (away from US border)
@@ -2413,7 +2680,7 @@ Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
-			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 # Sonora
 Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
@@ -2429,42 +2696,33 @@ Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
 			-7:00	-	MST
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
-# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
+# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
 # changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
 # share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
 #
 # (Spanish)
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
-# país, a partir de este domingo
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
+# país, a partir de este domingo
 # http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
-# 
 #
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
-# País
-# 
-# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50"
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
+# País
+# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
 #
 # (English)
-# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
-# 
+# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
 # http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
-# 
-#
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
-# 
 #
 # "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
-# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
+# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
 # zone ..."
 # Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
 # Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
 
+# Mazatlán
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2476,6 +2734,7 @@ Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 
+# Bahía de Banderas
 Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2485,10 +2744,10 @@ Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
-			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr 4 2:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr  4  2:00
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 
-# Baja California (near US border)
+# Baja California
 Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-7:00	-	MST	1924
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
@@ -2508,52 +2767,33 @@ Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
 			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2010
 			-8:00	US	P%sT
-# Baja California (away from US border)
-Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:20:32
-			-7:00	-	MST	1924
-			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
-			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 15
-			-8:00	-	PST	1931 Apr  1
-			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1931 Sep 30
-			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr 24
-			-8:00	1:00	PWT	1945 Aug 14 23:00u
-			-8:00	1:00	PPT	1945 Nov 12 # Peace
-			-8:00	-	PST	1948 Apr  5
-			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1949 Jan 14
-			-8:00	-	PST	1954
-			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1961
-			-8:00	-	PST	1976
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
-			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2001
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
-			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Formerly there was an America/Ensenada zone, which differed from
 # America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
 # through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
 # Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
-# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
 # Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
 # DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
 # data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
 # other than America/Tijuana for Baja, but it's not clear yet what its
 # name or contents should be.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-10-08):
+# Formerly there was an America/Santa_Isabel zone, but this appears to
+# have come from a misreading of
+# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
+# It has been moved to the 'backward' file.
+#
+#
 # Revillagigedo Is
 # no information
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Anguilla
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Antigua and Barbuda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-5:00	-	EST	1951
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Bahamas
 #
@@ -2583,22 +2823,22 @@ Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
-			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924 # Bridgetown
+			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932 # Bridgetown Mean Time
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
 
 # Belize
 # Whitman entirely disagrees with Shanks; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Belize	1918	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	Belize	1919	1943	-	Feb	Sun>=9	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Belize	1918	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0:30	-0530
+Rule	Belize	1919	1943	-	Feb	Sun>=9	0:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	CDT
+Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	CDT
+Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	CST
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
-			-6:00	Belize	C%sT
+			-6:00	Belize	%s
 
 # Bermuda
 
@@ -2614,20 +2854,17 @@ Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
 # http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
-			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
-			-4:00	Bahamas	A%sT	1976
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1  2:00 # Hamilton
+			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28  2:00
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
 			-4:00	US	A%sT
 
 # Cayman Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST
+# See America/Panama.
 
 # Costa Rica
 
-# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San Jose mean time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2637,10 +2874,10 @@ Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
-# There are too many San Joses elsewhere, so we'll use `Costa Rica'.
+# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
-			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San Jose Mean Time
+Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
+			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
 			-6:00	CR	C%sT
 # Coco
 # no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
@@ -2659,10 +2896,15 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
 # "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
 # Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
-# sleep on 1999-03-28--when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
-# to DST--and one more hour on 1999-04-04--when the announcers will have
+# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
 # returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
+# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
+# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html
+
 # From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
 # Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -2677,16 +2919,16 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
 # http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
 # An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
 # the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
 # http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
 # "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
-# watches should be set back one hour -- going back to 00:00 hours -- returning
+# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
 # to the normal schedule....
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
-# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html, dated yesterday,
+# , dated yesterday,
 # says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
 # For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
 # except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
@@ -2700,10 +2942,10 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID=%7B4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF%7D&language=ES
 # http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
 #
-# From Alex Kryvenishev (2007-10-25):
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
 # Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
 #
-# [Regira] el Horario Normal desde el [proximo] domingo 28 de octubre
+# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
 #
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html
@@ -2711,23 +2953,18 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
 # I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
 # Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
-# , a Cuban information station, and heard
+# a Cuban information station, and heard
 # the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
 # indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
 # It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
 # It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
-# 
 #
 # Some more background information is posted here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
 #
 # The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
 # while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
@@ -2737,18 +2974,14 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # change some historic records as well.
 #
 # One example:
-# 
 # http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm
-# 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
 # The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
 # web site, the Granma.  Please check out
-# 
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
-# 
 #
-# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsens information, the change
+# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
 # will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
@@ -2759,18 +2992,14 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
 # not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
 # (in Spanish)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
 # I listened over the Internet to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
-# 
 # this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
-# the time was announced as "diez cinco"--the same time as here, indicating
+# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
 # that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
@@ -2779,42 +3008,30 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # changed at all).
 #
 # Source:
-# 
 # http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
-# 
 #
 # Our info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
 # Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
 # tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
 #
 # One source (Spanish)
-# 
 # http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
 # According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
 # 31 and April 1.
 #
 # Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
-# 
 #
 # Our info on it:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
 # Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
@@ -2852,7 +3069,8 @@ Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	2000	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
@@ -2869,9 +3087,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
 
 # Dominica
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Dominican Republic
 
@@ -2894,18 +3110,18 @@ Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	S
-Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	S
-Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	EDT
+Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-0430
+Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	EST
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
-			-5:00	DR	E%sT	1974 Oct 27
-			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29 02:00
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3 01:00
+			-5:00	DR	%s	1974 Oct 27
+			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3  1:00
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # El Salvador
@@ -2916,28 +3132,20 @@ Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 # There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
 # instead of America/San_Salvador.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921		# San Salvador
+Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
 			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
 
 # Grenada
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# St George's
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Guadeloupe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun 8	# Pointe a Pitre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-# St Barthelemy
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/St_Barthelemy
+# St Barthélemy
 # St Martin (French part)
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Guatemala
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
 # Diario Co Latino, at
-# http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079,
+# ,
 # says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
 # decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
 # impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
@@ -2945,7 +3153,7 @@ Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-22):
 # The Ministry of Energy and Mines, press release CP-15/2006
 # (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
-# .
+# http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2962,11 +3170,10 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 
 # Haiti
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
-# Risto O. Nykanen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
-# I searched for confirmation, and I found a
-#  press release
+# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
+# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
 # on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
-# .  Translated from French, it says:
+# .  Translated from French, it says:
 #
 #  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
 #   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
@@ -3016,6 +3223,19 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 # http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
 # http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-12):
+# Jean Antoine, editor of www.haiti-reference.com informed us that Haiti
+# are not going on DST this year.  Several other resources confirm this: ...
+# https://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
+# https://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
+# http://news.anmwe.com/haiti-lheure-nationale-ne-sera-ni-avancee-ni-reculee-cette-annee/
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-03-12):
+# We have received 4 mails from different people telling that Haiti
+# has started DST again today, and this source seems to confirm that,
+# I have not been able to find a more authoritative source:
+# https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-20319-haiti-notices-time-change-in-haiti.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3026,8 +3246,10 @@ Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
@@ -3043,14 +3265,14 @@ Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 #  that Manuel Zelaya, the president
 # of Honduras, refused to back down on this.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
 # It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
 # 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-08):
-# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08)
-# .
+# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08).
+# http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=54941&sec=12
 # It mentions executive decree 18-2006.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
@@ -3074,36 +3296,37 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
 
 # Jamaica
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# Follows US rules.
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# JAMAICA             5 H  BEHIND UTC
-
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
+# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
+# island".  Go with Milne.  Round to the nearest second as required by zic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
+# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
+# Assume Neita meant Jan 6 02:00, the same as the US.  Neita also writes that
+# Manley's supporters associated this act with Manley's nickname "Joshua"
+# (recall that in the Bible the sun stood still at Joshua's request),
+# and with the Rod of Correction which Manley said he had received from
+# Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.  See:
+# Neita L. The politician in all of us. Jamaica Observer 2014-09-20
+# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:10 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Martinique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890		# Fort-de-France
-			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
+Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May    # Fort-de-France MT
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
 			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Montserrat
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
-# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Nicaragua
 #
@@ -3126,27 +3349,27 @@ Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-21):
 # The Associated Press story on the time change, which can be found at
 # http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
-# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish):  "The last
+# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish): "The last
 # time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
-# during the Arnoldo Aleman administration."...
+# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
 # The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
 # since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
 # changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
 # the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
 # Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
 # (2005-09-26)
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
 # http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
 # (my informal translation)
-# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolanos, Nicaragua
+# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
 # advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
-# morning, and will stay that way until 30.th. of september.
+# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
 # My informal translation runs:
 # The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
@@ -3164,7 +3387,7 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
 			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
 			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
-			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1 4:00
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1  4:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1992 Sep 24
 			-6:00	-	CST	1993
 			-5:00	-	EST	1997
@@ -3173,46 +3396,37 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 # Panama
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colon Mean Time
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
+Link America/Panama America/Cayman
 
 # Puerto Rico
-# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use `Puerto_Rico'.
+# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00    # San Juan
+Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
 			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
 			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # St Kitts-Nevis
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2	# Basseterre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # St Lucia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
-			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
-# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use `Miquelon'.
+# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
+Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
-			-3:00	-	PMST	1987 # Pierre & Miquelon Time
-			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
+			-3:00	-	-03	1987
+			-3:00	Canada	-03/-02
 
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
-			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Turks and Caicos
 #
 # From Chris Dunn in
-# 
+# https://bugs.debian.org/415007
 # (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
 # daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
 # the recent U.S. change of dates.
@@ -3225,27 +3439,40 @@ Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
 # Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
 # indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-01):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1998)
-# says they switch at midnight.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
+# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UT -04 year-round.  See:
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
+# Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
+# From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
+# ... the TCI government appears to have delayed the switch to
+# "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
+#
+# From the Turks & Caicos Cabinet (2017-07-20), heads-up from Steffen Thorsen:
+# ... agreed to the reintroduction in TCI of Daylight Saving Time (DST)
+# during the summer months and Standard Time, also known as Local
+# Time, during the winter months with effect from April 2018 ...
+# https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turks-and-caicos-post-cabinet-meeting-statement--3
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-26):
+# The date of effect of the spring 2018 change appears to be March 11,
+# which makes more sense.  See: Hamilton D. Time change back
+# by March 2018 for TCI. Magnetic Media. 2017-08-25.
+# http://magneticmediatv.com/2017/08/time-change-back-by-march-2018-for-tci/
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	TC	1979	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	1979	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	TC	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	TC	E%sT
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1979
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Nov Sun>=1 2:00
+			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11 3:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
 # British Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Road Town
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Charlotte Amalie
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew b/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew
index bccd852109..0e6cf07923 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for proposed US election time (this file is obsolete)
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/solar87 b/extra/zoneinfo/solar87
deleted file mode 100644
index 2299558164..0000000000
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/solar87
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# So much for footnotes about Saudi Arabia.
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; your mileage will vary.
-# Times were computed using formulas in the U.S. Naval Observatory's
-# Almanac for Computers 1987; the formulas "will give EqT to an accuracy of
-# [plus or minus two] seconds during the current year."
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	2	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	4	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	9	12:06:55s -0:06:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:20s -0:07:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:45s -0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:10s -0:08:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:30s -0:08:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	14	12:08:55s -0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:15s -0:09:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:35s -0:09:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	17	12:09:55s -0:09:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:35s -0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	20	12:10:55s -0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:10s -0:11:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:30s -0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	24	12:12:00s -0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:15s -0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	28	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:25s -0:13:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	4	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	26	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	3	12:12:05s -0:12:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:40s -0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:25s -0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:15s -0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	8	12:11:00s -0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:55s -0:09:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:40s -0:09:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:25s -0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	15	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:50s -0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:35s -0:08:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:15s -0:08:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	19	12:08:00s -0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:40s -0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:25s -0:07:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	22	12:07:05s -0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	29	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	1	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:55s -0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	8	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:55s 0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	20	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	25	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:25s 0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	1	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	2	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	3	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	4	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	5	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	6	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	7	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	8	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	10	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	18	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	20	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	21	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	22	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	23	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	24	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	25	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	26	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	27	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	28	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	29	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	30	11:57:25s 0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	31	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	8	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:40s 0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	13	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	18	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	22	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	27	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	2	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	8	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	5	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	18	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	22	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:30s -0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	26	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:25s -0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	29	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	1	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	10	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	13	11:56:10s 0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:45s 0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:25s 0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	16	11:55:05s 0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:45s 0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:20s 0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	19	11:54:00s 0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:40s 0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:15s 0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:55s 0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:35s 0:07:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:15s 0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:55s 0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:35s 0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	27	11:51:10s 0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:50s 0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:30s 0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	30	11:50:10s 0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:50s 0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:15s 0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:55s 0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:35s 0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:20s 0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	7	11:48:00s 0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:45s 0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:25s 0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:10s 0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:55s 0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:40s 0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:25s 0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:10s 0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:55s 0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:30s 0:14:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:05s 0:14:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:55s 0:15:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:35s 0:15:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:25s 0:15:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	10	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:15s 0:15:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	17	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:05s 0:14:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:15s 0:14:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:30s 0:14:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	25	11:46:50s 0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:10s 0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:25s 0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	28	11:47:45s 0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:05s 0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:30s 0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	1	11:48:50s 0:11:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:10s 0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:00s 0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:25s 0:09:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	6	11:50:50s 0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:15s 0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	8	11:51:40s 0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:05s 0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:30s 0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:00s 0:07:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:25s 0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	13	11:53:55s 0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:25s 0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	15	11:54:50s 0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:20s 0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	17	11:55:50s 0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	19	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	21	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	23	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	25	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	27	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	29	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	31	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1987, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh87	3:07:04	-		zzz	1987
-			3:07:04	sol87		zzz	1988
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh87	Mideast/Riyadh87
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/solar88 b/extra/zoneinfo/solar88
deleted file mode 100644
index bb1d6ca97f..0000000000
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/solar88
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; they're a bit off for other places.
-# Times were computed using formulas in the U.S. Naval Observatory's
-# Almanac for Computers 1988; the formulas "will give EqT to an accuracy of
-# [plus or minus two] seconds during the current year."
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	2	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	4	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	9	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:15s -0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:40s -0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:25s -0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	14	12:08:50s -0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	17	12:09:50s -0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:10s -0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	20	12:10:50s -0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:25s -0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:40s -0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	24	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:25s -0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	28	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	4	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	26	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:45s -0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	29	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	3	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:30s -0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:15s -0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:00s -0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	8	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:00s -0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:45s -0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	15	12:08:55s -0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:40s -0:08:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:20s -0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	19	12:07:45s -0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:30s -0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:10s -0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	22	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:35s -0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	29	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	1	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	8	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:00s -0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	20	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	25	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	1	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	2	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	3	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	4	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	5	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	6	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	7	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	8	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	10	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	18	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	20	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	21	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	22	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	23	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	24	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	25	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	26	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	27	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	28	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	30	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	31	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	8	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:25s 0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	13	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	18	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	22	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	27	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	2	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	8	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	5	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	18	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	22	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	26	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	29	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	1	11:59:55s 0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	10	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:15s 0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	13	11:55:50s 0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:30s 0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:10s 0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	16	11:54:50s 0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:25s 0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:05s 0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	19	11:53:45s 0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:25s 0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:00s 0:07:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:40s 0:07:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:20s 0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:00s 0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:40s 0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:15s 0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	27	11:50:55s 0:09:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:35s 0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	30	11:49:55s 0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:20s 0:10:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:00s 0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:40s 0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:25s 0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:05s 0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	7	11:47:50s 0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:30s 0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:15s 0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	10	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	17	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:15s 0:14:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:25s 0:14:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:40s 0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:55s 0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:10s 0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	25	11:47:05s 0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:40s 0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	28	11:48:00s 0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:25s 0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:45s 0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	1	11:49:05s 0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:30s 0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:55s 0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:40s 0:09:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	6	11:51:05s 0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:35s 0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	8	11:52:00s 0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:25s 0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:55s 0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:20s 0:06:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:50s 0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	13	11:54:15s 0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:45s 0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	15	11:55:15s 0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:45s 0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	17	11:56:15s 0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	19	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	21	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	23	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:40s 0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	25	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	27	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	29	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	31	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1988, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh88	3:07:04	-		zzz	1988
-			3:07:04	sol88		zzz	1989
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh88	Mideast/Riyadh88
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/solar89 b/extra/zoneinfo/solar89
deleted file mode 100644
index af93235697..0000000000
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/solar89
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,395 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; they're a bit off for other places.
-# Times were computed using a formula provided by the U. S. Naval Observatory:
-#	eqt = -105.8 * sin(l) + 596.2 * sin(2 * l) + 4.4 * sin(3 * l)
-#		-12.7 * sin(4 * l) - 429.0 * cos(l) - 2.1 * cos (2 * l)
-#		+ 19.3 * cos(3 * l);
-# where l is the "mean longitude of the Sun" given by
-#	l = 279.642 degrees + 0.985647 * d
-# and d is the interval in days from January 0, 0 hours Universal Time
-# (equaling the day of the year plus the fraction of a day from zero hours).
-# The accuracy of the formula is plus or minus three seconds.
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	2	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	4	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:45s -0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	9	12:07:10s -0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:35s -0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:55s -0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:20s -0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:45s -0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	14	12:09:05s -0:09:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:25s -0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:45s -0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	17	12:10:05s -0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:25s -0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	20	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:20s -0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:35s -0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	24	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:35s -0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	28	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	4	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:25s -0:13:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	26	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:45s -0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:35s -0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:25s -0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	3	12:12:00s -0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:35s -0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:20s -0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	8	12:10:50s -0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:35s -0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:20s -0:10:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:05s -0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:50s -0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:15s -0:09:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	15	12:09:00s -0:09:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:40s -0:08:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:25s -0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	19	12:07:50s -0:07:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:30s -0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:15s -0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	22	12:06:55s -0:06:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:35s -0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	29	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	1	12:03:55s -0:03:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	8	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	20	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	25	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	1	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	2	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	3	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	4	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	5	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	6	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	7	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	8	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	10	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	18	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	20	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	21	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	22	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	23	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	24	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	25	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	26	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	27	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	28	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	30	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	31	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	8	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	13	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	18	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	22	12:01:55s -0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	27	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	2	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:20s -0:04:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	8	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	5	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	18	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	22	12:02:55s -0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	26	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	29	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	1	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:25s 0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	10	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	13	11:56:00s 0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:35s 0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:15s 0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	16	11:54:55s 0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:35s 0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:10s 0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	19	11:53:50s 0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:30s 0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:10s 0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:45s 0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:25s 0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:05s 0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:45s 0:08:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:25s 0:08:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	27	11:51:05s 0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:40s 0:09:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:20s 0:09:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	30	11:50:00s 0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:45s 0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:25s 0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:05s 0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:45s 0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:30s 0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:10s 0:11:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	7	11:47:50s 0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:35s 0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:50s 0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:30s 0:16:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	10	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:15s 0:15:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:25s 0:15:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:35s 0:15:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	17	11:44:55s 0:15:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:50s 0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:05s 0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:25s 0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:40s 0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	25	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:35s 0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	28	11:47:55s 0:12:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:20s 0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:40s 0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	1	11:49:00s 0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:25s 0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:50s 0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:35s 0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	6	11:51:00s 0:09:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:30s 0:08:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	8	11:51:55s 0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:20s 0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:50s 0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:15s 0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:45s 0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	13	11:54:10s 0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:40s 0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	15	11:55:10s 0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:40s 0:04:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	17	11:56:05s 0:03:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	19	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	21	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	23	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	25	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	27	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	29	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:30s -0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	31	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1989, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh89	3:07:04	-		zzz	1989
-			3:07:04	sol89		zzz	1990
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh89	Mideast/Riyadh89
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica b/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica
index 9ef8b82607..b66cb88b13 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica
@@ -1,55 +1,35 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for South America and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-05):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
-#
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
-# Earlier editions of these tables used the North American style (e.g. ARST and
-# ARDT for Argentine Standard and Daylight Time), but the following quote
-# suggests that it's better to use European style (e.g. ART and ARST).
-#	I suggest the use of _Summer time_ instead of the more cumbersome
-#	_daylight-saving time_.  _Summer time_ seems to be in general use
-#	in Europe and South America.
-#	-- E O Cutler, _New York Times_ (1937-02-14), quoted in
-#	H L Mencken, _The American Language: Supplement I_ (1960), p 466
-#
-# Earlier editions of these tables also used the North American style
-# for time zones in Brazil, but this was incorrect, as Brazilians say
-# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a Sao Paulo businessman active in
-# the railroad sector, writes (1999-07-06):
-#	The subject of time zones is currently a matter of discussion/debate in
-#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasilia time" is considered the
-#	"official time" because Brasilia is the capital city.
-#	The other three time zones are called "Brasilia time "minus one" or
-#	"plus one" or "plus two".  As far as I know there is no such
-#	name/designation as "Eastern Time" or "Central Time".
-# So I invented the following (English-language) abbreviations for now.
-# Corrections are welcome!
-#		std	dst
-#	-2:00	FNT	FNST	Fernando de Noronha
-#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasilia
-#	-4:00	AMT	AMST	Amazon
-#	-5:00	ACT	ACST	Acre
+# These tables use numeric abbreviations like -03 and -0330 for
+# integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier editions used
+# alphabetic time zone abbreviations, these abbreviations were
+# invented and did not reflect common practice.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -61,7 +41,7 @@
 # Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
 # Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.
 
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-199):
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
 # ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC
 
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
@@ -69,36 +49,36 @@
 # AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
 # obtaining the data from the:
-# Talleres de Hidrografia Naval Argentina
+# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
 # (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
 Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving
@@ -109,7 +89,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
 # which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
 # from the International Date Line.
-Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):
 # DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted
 # to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that
@@ -117,13 +97,13 @@ Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
-# We just checked with our Sao Paulo office and they say the government of
+# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
 # Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
 # So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
 #
-# From Fabian L. Arce Jofre (2000-04-04):
+# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
 # The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
-# de la Rua on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
 # in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
@@ -131,7 +111,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
 # in effect.... The article is at
 # http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
-# ... The Law itself is "Ley No 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
 # 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
 # http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
 # Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
@@ -156,15 +136,13 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
 # March, although exact rules are not given.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
 # The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
-# the lower chamber too (Deputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
+# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
 # By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
 # the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
 # clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
-# 
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
-# 
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
 # For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
@@ -174,67 +152,49 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
 # Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)
-# 
 
-# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-10-06):
-# Here is some info available at a Gentoo bug related to TZ on Argentina's DST:
-# ...
-# ------- Comment #1 from [jmdocile]  2008-10-06 16:28 0000 -------
-# Hi, there is a problem with timezone-data-2008e and maybe with
-# timezone-data-2008f
-# Argentinian law [Number] 25.155 is no longer valid.
-# 
+# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)
+# via Rodrigo Severo:
+# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
-# 
-# The new one is law [Number] 26.350
-# 
+# The new one is law No. 26.350
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
-# 
 # So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
-# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST in Argentina
-# From 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15
-# 
+# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST
+# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer 2008/2009:
-# Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La Pampa, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz
-# and Tierra del Fuego
-# 
+
+# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
+# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
+# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the Province of Jujuy saying
-# it will not apply DST either (even when it was not included in Decree 1705/2008)
-# 
+# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the
+# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not
+# included in Decree 1705/2008).
 # http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc
-# 
 
 # From fullinet (2009-10-18):
 # As announced in
-# 
 # http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
-# 
-# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora" (english: "No hour change")
+# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"
+# (English: "No hour change").
 #
-# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvio no modificar la hora
-# oficial, decision que estaba en estudio para su implementacion el
-# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificacion se anuncio
-# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorologicas, no necesita
-# la modificacion del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
-# crecimiento en la produccion y distribucion energetica."
+# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
+# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
+# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
+# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
+# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
+# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
 
-Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
 # Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
@@ -244,12 +204,14 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
 # now we'll assume it's for this year only.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# 
-# Hora de verano para la Republica Argentina (2003-06-08)
-#  says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-31):
+# Hora de verano para la República Argentina
+# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
+# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
 # to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
-# over Shanks & Pottenger.
+# over Shanks & Pottenger.  It is upward compatible with Milne, who
+# says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.
+
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
 # These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
@@ -262,10 +224,10 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # time in October 17th.
 #
 # Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
-# Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman.
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
-# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucuman decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
 # yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
 # annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
 #
@@ -300,49 +262,38 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
 # as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
 #
-# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del pais
+# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
 # (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
 # country)
-# 
 # http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
-# 
 #
 # Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
 # (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
-# 
-# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/vernotae.asp?id_nota=253414
-# 
-#
-# 
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
-# 
+# https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
 # The page of the San Luis provincial government
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
-# 
 # confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
 # emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
 # time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
 # confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
 # refused to follow San Luis in this change.
 #
-# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21.st at 0:00
+# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00
 # hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
 # a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
 # independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
 # 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
 # Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
 # time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
 # important pages of 2008."
 #
 # You can use
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
-# 
 # instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
 # government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
 # from which the first one is identical to the above.
@@ -362,9 +313,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I
 # mailed them personally and never got an answer).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# Unless otherwise specified, data are from Shanks & Pottenger through 1992,
-# from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through
+# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
 # America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which
 # was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll
 # keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the
@@ -376,14 +327,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
 #
 # The press release is at
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
-# 
-# (I couldn't find the decree, but
-# 
-# www.sanluis.gov.ar
-# 
-# is the official page for the Province Government).
+# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
+# is the official page for the Province Government.)
 #
 # There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
@@ -400,9 +346,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
 #
 # The Law at
-# 
 # is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
 # October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
 # complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
@@ -422,28 +366,18 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 #
 # So I guess a new set of rules, besides "Arg", must be made and the last
 # America/Argentina/San_Luis entries should change to use these...
-#
-# I'm enclosing a patch that does what I say... regretfully, the San Luis
-# timezone must be called "WART/WARST" even when most of the time (like,
-# right now) WARST == ART... that is, since last Sunday, all the country
-# is using UTC-3, but in my patch, San Luis calls it "WARST" and the rest
-# of the country calls it "ART".
 # ...
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
-# According to news reports from El Diario de la Republica Province San
+# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San
 # Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
-# after April 11, 2010--will continue to have same time as rest of
+# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
 # Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
 #
-# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
-# 
+# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
 # http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
-# 
 # or (some English translation):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html
-# 
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
 # yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
@@ -451,21 +385,29 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
 # stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# Milne says Cordoba time was -4:16:48.2.  Round to the nearest second.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-23):
+# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at -04
+# with perpetual daylight saving time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# just say it's at -03; see, for example,
+# https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
+# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
+# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
+# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
+# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
+# setting for timestamps past 2038.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
-Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
 #
-# Cordoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Rios (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
+# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
 # Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
@@ -477,171 +419,169 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
 #
 Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
 #
-# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquen (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
 Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Tucuman (TM)
+# Tucumán (TM)
 Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 13
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 13
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
 #
 # La Rioja (LR)
 Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # San Juan (SJ)
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Jujuy (JY)
 Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
-			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 28
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar 17
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct  6
-			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1992
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 28
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar 17
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct  6
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1992
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
 Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Mendoza (MZ)
 Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
-			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 15
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1992 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1992 Oct 18
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 23
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Sep 26
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1992 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1992 Oct 18
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 23
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Sep 26
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # San Luis (SL)
 
 Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	SanLuis	2007	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	-
 
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990
-			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1990 Mar 14
-			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Jun  1
-			-3:00	-	ART	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Jan 21
-			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1990 Mar 14
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Jun  1
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Jan 21
+			-4:00	SanLuis	-04/-03	2009 Oct 11
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Santa Cruz (SC)
-Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (TF)
-Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 30
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
+Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 30
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Aruba
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Oranjestad
-			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
 
 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
-			-4:32:36 1:00	BOST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
-			-4:00	-	BOT	# Bolivia Time
+			-4:32:36 1:00	BST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
+			-4:00	-	-04
 
 # Brazil
 
@@ -654,13 +594,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
 # _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
-# Santa Catarina (SC), Parana (PR), Sao Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goias (GO),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
 # Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
 # [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
-# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goias until 1989), and other
+# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
 # sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
 # always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
 # The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
@@ -674,16 +614,14 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
 # Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
 # airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
-# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapa (AP), Ceara (CE),
-# Maranhao (MA), Paraiba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piaui (PI), and Rio Grande do
-# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Para (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
+# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
+# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
+# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
 
 # From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
-# 
-# Brazilian official page
-# 
+# Brazilian official page 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2000-11-03):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
 # [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
@@ -716,13 +654,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
 # ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
-# Oficial da Uniao"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
+# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
 # effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
 #
-# a) The timezone UTC+5 is e[x]tinguished, with all the Acre state and the
+# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
 # part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
 # timezone UTC+4
-# b) The whole Para state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
+# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
 # part of it, as was before.
 #
 # This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
@@ -735,13 +673,11 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
 # Just correcting the URL:
-# 
 # https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
-# 
 #
 # As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
 # timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
-# be created to represent the...west side of the Para State. I
+# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
 # suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
 # important/populated city in the affected area.
 #
@@ -750,19 +686,16 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
 # This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
-# 
 #
-# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones-eliminating time zone UTC- 05
-# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT- 04) - western
-# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC- 03 (from UTC -04).
+# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
+# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
+# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
 # The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
-# 
-# Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
-# .
+# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
 # As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
@@ -774,25 +707,17 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 #
 # An official page about it:
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
-# 
 # Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
 # by going to
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/first
-# 
 #
 # One example link that works directly:
-# 
 # http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
 # (Portuguese)
-# 
 #
 # We have a written a short article about it as well:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
 # State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
@@ -800,17 +725,12 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # television station in Salvador.
 
 # In Portuguese:
-# 
 # http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
-#  and
-# 
-# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
-# 
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
 # There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
-# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at
-# http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
+# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
 # official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
 # still in force.
 
@@ -820,11 +740,9 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 #	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
 # I found the decree.
 #
-# DECRETO No- 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
+# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
 # Link :
-# 
 # http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6
-# 
 
 # From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
 # The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
@@ -834,90 +752,105 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
 # Tocantins state will have DST.
-# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
+# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
+# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
+# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
+# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
+# will change as well.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
+# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Decree 20,466 (1931-10-01)
-# Decree 21,896 (1932-01-10)
-Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 20,466  (1931-10-01)
+# Decree 21,896  (1932-01-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 23,195 (1933-10-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 23,195  (1933-10-10)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 27,496 (1949-11-24)
-# Decree 27,998 (1950-04-13)
-Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 27,496  (1949-11-24)
+# Decree 27,998  (1950-04-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 32,308 (1953-02-24)
+# Decree 32,308  (1953-02-24)
 Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 34,724 (1953-11-30)
+# Decree 34,724  (1953-11-30)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 52,700 (1963-10-18)
+# Decree 52,700  (1963-10-18)
 # established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
 # in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
-# Decree 53,071 (1963-12-03)
+# Decree 53,071  (1963-12-03)
 # extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
-Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 53,604 (1964-02-25)
+Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 53,604  (1964-02-25)
 # extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 55,639 (1965-01-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 55,639  (1965-01-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 57,303 (1965-11-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 57,843 (1966-02-18)
+# Decree 57,303  (1965-11-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 57,843  (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 63,429 (1968-10-15)
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 63,429  (1968-10-15)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 91,698 (1985-09-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 91,698  (1985-09-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
 # Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
-Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 94,922 (1987-09-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 94,922  (1987-09-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 96,676 (1988-09-12)
+# Decree 96,676  (1988-09-12)
 # except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
-Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 98,077 (1989-08-21)
+# Decree 98,077  (1989-08-21)
 # with the same exceptions
-Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 99,530 (1990-09-17)
+# Decree 99,530  (1990-09-17)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
 # Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
-Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1991-09-25)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1991-09-25)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
-Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1992-10-16)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1992-10-16)
 # adopted by same states.
-Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 942 (1993-09-28)
+# Decree 942  (1993-09-28)
 # adopted by same states, plus AM.
-# Decree 1,252 (1994-09-22;
+# Decree 1,252  (1994-09-22;
 # web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
-# Decree 1,636 (1995-09-14)
+# Decree 1,636  (1995-09-14)
 # adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
-# Decree 1,674 (1995-10-13)
+# Decree 1,674  (1995-10-13)
 # adds AL, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,000 (1996-09-04)
+# Decree 2,000  (1996-09-04)
 # adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
 # In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
@@ -927,63 +860,82 @@ Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
 #
 # Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
-Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 2,495
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 2,495 
 # (1998-02-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,780 (1998-09-11)
+# Decree 2,780  (1998-09-11)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,150
+# Decree 3,150 
 # (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
-# Decree 3,188 (1999-09-30)
+# Decree 3,188  (1999-09-30)
 # adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
-Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,592 (2000-09-06)
+# Decree 3,592  (2000-09-06)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-# Decree 3,630 (2000-10-13)
+# Decree 3,630  (2000-10-13)
 # repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
-# Decree 3,632 (2000-10-17)
+# Decree 3,632  (2000-10-17)
 # repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
-# Decree 3,916
+# Decree 3,916 
 # (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-# 4,399
-Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+# 4,399 
+Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
-# 4,844
-Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# 4,844 
+Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
-# 5,223
-Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,539 (2005-09-19),
+# 5,223 
+Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,539  (2005-09-19),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,920 (2006-10-03),
+Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,920  (2006-10-03),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 6,212 (2007-09-26),
+# Decree 6,212  (2007-09-26),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
 # From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
-# Acording to this decree
-# 
+# According to this decree
 # http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
-# 
 # [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
 # 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
 # the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
-Rule	Brazil	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2008	2017	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,584  (2011-10-13)
+# added Bahia.
 Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,826  (2012-10-15)
+# removed Bahia and added Tocantins.
+# Decree 8,112  (2013-09-30)
+# removed Tocantins.
 Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2016	2022	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-18):
+# According to many media sources, next year's DST start in Brazil will move to
+# the first Sunday of November, and it will stay like that for the years after.
+# ... https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-delays-dst-2018.html
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-20):
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/D9242.htm
+#
+# From Fábio Gomes (2018-10-04):
+# The Brazilian president just announced a new change on this year DST.
+# It was scheduled to start on November 4th and it was changed to November 18th.
+# From Rodrigo Brüning Wessler (2018-10-15):
+# The Brazilian government just announced that the change in DST was
+# canceled....  Maybe the president Michel Temer also woke up one hour
+# earlier today. :)
+Rule	Brazil	2018	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2023	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2024	2025	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2026	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
@@ -1002,137 +954,194 @@ Rule	Brazil	2038	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 #
 # Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
 Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
-			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-2:00	-	FNT	1999 Sep 30
-			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-2:00	-	FNT	2001 Sep 13
-			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-2:00	-	FNT
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	1990 Sep 17
+			-2:00	-	-02	1999 Sep 30
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2000 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	-02	2001 Sep 13
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2002 Oct  1
+			-2:00	-	-02
 # Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
-# These include Trindade and Martin Vaz (administratively part of ES),
-# Atol das Rocas (RN), and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo (PE).
+# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
 # Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
 # it also included the Penedos.
 #
-# Amapa (AP), east Para (PA)
-# East Para includes Belem, Maraba, Serra Norte, and Sao Felix do Xingu.
-# The division between east and west Para is the river Xingu.
+# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
+# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
 # In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
-# the border with Amapa) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
 Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1988 Sep 12
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# west Para (PA)
-# West Para includes Altamira, Oribidos, Prainha, Oriximina, and Santarem.
+# west Pará (PA)
+# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
 Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Maranhao (MA), Piaui (PI), Ceara (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
-# Paraiba (PB)
+# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraíba (PB)
 Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
 Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 15
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Tocantins (TO)
 Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Sep 14
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2012 Oct 21
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Sep 14
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	-03	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2013 Sep
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
 Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Oct 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1996 Sep  4
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Oct 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1996 Sep  4
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Bahia (BA)
 # There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
 # of America/Salvador.
 Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2011 Oct 16
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2012 Oct 21
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	-03	2011 Oct 16
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Goias (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR),
+# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
 # Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
 Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23 00:00
-			-3:00	1:00	BRST	1964
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1963 Oct 23  0:00
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1964
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02
 #
 # Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
 Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
 #
 # Mato Grosso (MT)
 Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2003 Sep 24
-			-4:00	-	AMT	2004 Oct  1
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2003 Sep 24
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Oct  1
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
 #
-# Rondonia (RO)
+# Rondônia (RO)
 Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04
 #
 # Roraima (RR)
 Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	1999 Sep 30
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	1999 Sep 30
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2000 Oct 15
+			-4:00	-	-04
 #
-# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutai, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
 # The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
 # east from west Amazonas.
 Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	1993 Sep 28
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1994 Sep 22
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	1993 Sep 28
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1994 Sep 22
+			-4:00	-	-04
 #
 # west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
-#	Eirunepe, Envira, Ipixuna
+#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
 Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-5:00	-	ACT	1993 Sep 28
-			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1994 Sep 22
-			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	-05	1993 Sep 28
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1994 Sep 22
+			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	-05
 #
 # Acre (AC)
 Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
-			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	-05
 
 # Chile
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
+# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
+# 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
+# was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
+# standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
+#
+# Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
+# the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
+# [1] Chile Law
+# http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
+# This contains a copy of this official table:
+# Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
+# [1] needs several corrections, though.
+#
+# The first set of corrections is from:
+# [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
+# This is an English translation of:
+# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
+# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
+# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
+#    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
+#    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
+#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [2], rounding it to -4:42:46.
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
+#    at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
+#    go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.
+#
+# Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
+# wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
+# the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
+# says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
+# 1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
+# respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."
+#
+# Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
+# Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
+# Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
+# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
+# may well be true for earlier transitions.
+
 # From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
 # The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
 # of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
@@ -1145,92 +1154,35 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
 # on April 3, (one-time change).
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-08):
-# I think that there are some obvious mistakes in the suggested link
-# from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66 says that GMT-4
-# ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at 1990-09-15
-# (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16 respectively), but
-# anyhow it clears up some doubts too.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-27):
-# The following data for Chile and America/Santiago are from
-#  (2006-09-20), transcribed by
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen.  The data for Pacific/Easter are from Shanks
-# & Pottenger, except with DST transitions after 1932 cloned from
-# America/Santiago.  The pre-1980 Pacific/Easter data are dubious,
-# but we have no other source.
-
-# From German Poo-Caaman~o (2008-03-03):
+# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
 # Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
 # is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
 # and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
 # The Supreme Decree is located at
-# 
 # http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
-# 
-# and the instructions for 2008 are located in:
-# 
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# .
-
-# From Jose Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
-# ...
-# You could see the announces of the change on
-# 
+#
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
 # http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm
-# .
 
 # From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
 # Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
-# 
 # http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
-# 
-# (in Spanish, last paragraph).
 #
-# This is breaking news. There should be more information available later.
-
-# From Arthur Daivd Olson (2010-03-06):
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-03-06):
 # Angel Chiang's message confirmed by Julio Pacheco; Julio provided a patch.
 
-# From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-02): [geychaner@mac.com]
-# It appears that the Chilean government has decided to postpone the
-# change from summer time to winter time again, by three weeks to April
-# 2nd:
-# 
-# http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=467651
-# 
-#
-# This is not yet reflected in the offical "cambio de hora" site, but
-# probably will be soon:
-# 
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# 
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-03-02):
-# The emol.com article mentions a water shortage as the cause of the
-# postponement, which may mean that it's not a permanent change.
-
 # From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
-# The article:
-# 
 # http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
-# 
-#
 # In English:
 # Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
 # of this Saturday. They will go forward again the 3rd Saturday in
-# August, not in October as they have since 1968. This is a pilot plan
-# which will be reevaluated in 2012.
+# August, not in October as they have since 1968.
 
 # From Mauricio Parada (2012-02-22), translated by Glenn Eychaner (2012-02-23):
 # As stated in the website of the Chilean Energy Ministry
 # http://www.minenergia.cl/ministerio/noticias/generales/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de.html
 # The Chilean Government has decided to postpone the entrance into winter time
-# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012. The decision has not
-# been yet formalized but it will within the next days.
+# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012....
 # Quote from the website communication:
 #
 # 6. For the year 2012, the dates of entry into winter time will be as follows:
@@ -1248,39 +1200,88 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
 # http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm
 
-# NOTE: ChileAQ rules for Antarctic bases are stored separately in the
-# 'antarctica' file.
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
+# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
+# dates to 2014.
+# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
+# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf
+
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2015-03-03):
+# Today has been published officially that Chile will use the DST time
+# permanently until March 25 of 2017
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/media/2015/03/03/1-large.jpg
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# For now, assume that the extension will persist indefinitely.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-03-18):
+# The decree regarding DST has been published in today's Official Gazette:
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do/20160318/
+# http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1088502
+# It does consider the second Saturday of May and August as the dates
+# for the transition; and it lists DST dates until 2019, but I think
+# this scheme will stick.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# For now, assume the pattern holds for the indefinite future.
+# The decree says transitions occur at 24:00; in practice this appears
+# to mean 24:00 mainland time, not 24:00 local time, so that Easter
+# Island is always two hours behind the mainland.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-12-04):
+# Magallanes region ... will keep DST (UTC -3) all year round....
+# http://www.soychile.cl/Santiago/Sociedad/2016/12/04/433428/Bachelet-firmo-el-decreto-para-establecer-un-horario-unico-para-la-Region-de-Magallanes.aspx
+#
+# From Deborah Goldsmith (2017-01-19):
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2017/01/17/41660/01/1169626.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-19):
+# The above says the Magallanes change expires 2019-05-11 at 24:00,
+# so in theory, they will revert to -04/-03 after that, which means
+# they will switch from -03 to -04 one hour after Santiago does that day.
+# For now, assume that they will not revert.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2018-08-13):
+# As of moments ago, the Ministry of Energy in Chile has announced the new
+# schema for DST. ...  Announcement in video (in Spanish):
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029000399129374720
+# From Yonathan Dossow (2018-08-13):
+# The video says "first Saturday of September", we all know it means Sunday at
+# midnight.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-08-13):
+# Translating the captions on the video at 0:44-0:55, "We want to announce as
+# Government that from 2019, Winter Time will be increased to 5 months, between
+# the first Saturday of April and the first Saturday of September."
+# At 2:08-2:20, "The Magallanes region will maintain its current time, as
+# decided by the citizens during 2017, but our Government will promote a
+# regional dialogue table to gather their opinion on this matter."
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029009354001973248
+# "We will keep the new time policy unchanged for at least the next 4 years."
+# So we extend the new rules on Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time indefinitely.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Chile	1927	1932	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1942	only	-	Jun	 1	4:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1942	only	-	Aug	 1	5:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1946	only	-	Jul	15	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	3:00u	0:00	-
-Rule	Chile	1947	only	-	Apr	 1	4:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1970	only	-	Mar	29	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1971	only	-	Mar	14	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 # N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
 # which is used below in specifying the transition.
@@ -1288,92 +1289,147 @@ Rule	Chile	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Apr	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:46 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 	    # Santiago Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	CLT	1916 Jul  1 # Chile Time
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep  1 # Santiago Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	CLT	1919 Jul  1 # Chile Time
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1 # Santiago Mean Time
-			-5:00	Chile	CL%sT	1947 May 22 # Chile Time
-			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT
-Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:44 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1946 Jul 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1946 Sep  1 # central Chile
+			-4:00	-	-04	1947 Apr  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03
+Zone America/Punta_Arenas -4:43:40 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10
+			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1947 Apr  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
+			-3:00	-	-03
+Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-7:17:28 -	EMT	1932 Sep    # Easter Mean Time
-			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 13 21:00 # Easter I Time
-			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT
+			-7:00	Chile	-07/-06	1982 Mar 14 3:00u # Easter Time
+			-6:00	Chile	-06/-05
 #
-# Sala y Gomez Island is like Pacific/Easter.
-# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernandez Is, San Ambrosio,
-# San Felix, and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
+# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+
+# Antarctic base using South American rules
+# (See the file 'antarctica' for more.)
+#
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+#
+# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
+# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
+# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
+# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
+# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
+# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1982 May
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Colombia
 
-# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogota time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
 # "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
-			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogota Mean Time
-			-5:00	CO	CO%sT	# Colombia Time
+			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
+			-5:00	CO	-05/-04
 # Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
-# Curacao
+# Curaçao
 
-# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curacao mean time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
 # -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
 # Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
 # 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
-# Saba Island has been like Curacao.
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
 # This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
 #
-# By July 2007 Curacao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
 # associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
 # Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
 # Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
 # though, as far as we know.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
-			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
-# At least for now, use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
-# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen charaters
+# use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
+# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
 # and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes" below.
 
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes # Sint Maarten
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk # Bonaire, Sint Estatius and Saba
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 
 # Ecuador
 #
-# Milne says the Sentral and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
+# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-04):
-# Apparently Ecuador had a failed experiment with DST in 1992.
-#  (2007-02-27) and
-#  (2006-11-06) both
-# talk about "hora Sixto".  Leave this alone for now, as we have no data.
+# From Alois Treindl (2016-12-15):
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/hora-sixto-1993.html
+# ... Whether the law applied also to Galápagos, I do not know.
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-15):
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/afull/modificacion-husohorario-ecuador-presidentes-decreto.html
+# This says President Sixto Durán Ballén signed decree No. 285, which
+# established DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05; it does not give transition
+# times.  The people called it "hora de Sixto" ("Sixto hour").  The change did
+# not go over well; a popular song "Qué hora es" by Jaime Guevara had lyrics
+# that included "Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los guaguas iban a clase sin
+# sol" ("It was dawning in the middle of the night, the buses went to class
+# without sun").  Although Ballén's campaign slogan was "Ni un paso atrás"
+# (Not one step back), the clocks went back in 1993 and the experiment was not
+# repeated.  For now, assume transitions were at 00:00 local time country-wide.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Ecuador	1993	only	-	Feb	 5	0:00	0	-
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:14:00 -	QMT	1931 # Quito Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	ECT	     # Ecuador Time
+			-5:00	Ecuador	-05/-04
 Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
-			-5:00	-	ECT	1986
-			-6:00	-	GALT	     # Galapagos Time
+			-5:00	-	-05	1986
+			-6:00	Ecuador	-06/-05
 
 # Falklands
 
@@ -1382,7 +1438,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
-# via Jesper Norgaard:
+# via Jesper Nørgaard:
 # ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
 # April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
 # September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
@@ -1431,9 +1487,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # daylight saving time.
 #
 # One source:
-# 
 # http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
-# 
 #
 # We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
 # Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
@@ -1456,61 +1510,66 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 #   the maintainers of the database to inform them we're adopting
 #   the same policy this year and suggest recommendations for future years.
 #
-# For now we will assume permanent summer time for the Falklands
+# For now we will assume permanent -03 for the Falklands
 # until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
 # experiment was apparently successful.)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12  # Stanley Mean Time
-			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	1983 May     # Falkland Is Time
-			-3:00	Falk	FK%sT	1985 Sep 15
-			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	2010 Sep 5 02:00
-			-3:00	-	FKST
+			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
+			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	1983 May
+			-3:00	Falk	-03/-02	1985 Sep 15
+			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	2010 Sep  5  2:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # French Guiana
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			-4:00	-	GFT	1967 Oct # French Guiana Time
-			-3:00	-	GFT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1967 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Guyana
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar	# Georgetown
-			-3:45	-	GBGT	1966 May 26 # Br Guiana Time
-			-3:45	-	GYT	1975 Jul 31 # Guyana Time
-			-3:00	-	GYT	1991
+Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
+			-3:45	-	-0345	1975 Jul 31
+			-3:00	-	-03	1991
 # IATA SSIM (1996-06) says -4:00.  Assume a 1991 switch.
-			-4:00	-	GYT
+			-4:00	-	-04
 
 # Paraguay
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are from 01:00 -> 02:00,
-# and autumn transitions are from 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
 # editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
+#
+# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
+# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
+# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
@@ -1519,9 +1578,8 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # (10-01).
 #
 # Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
-# 
-# Noticias, a daily paper in Asuncion, Paraguay (2000-10-01)
-# :
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01):
+# http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm
 # Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
 # fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
 # system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
@@ -1529,34 +1587,31 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
 # clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
 #
-Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
 # (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
 Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
-# A decree was issued in Paraguay (no. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
+# A decree was issued in Paraguay (No. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
 # dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
 # April.
 Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
 # There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
 # a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
 # Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso via Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
-# 
-Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
+Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso (2010-02-18):
-# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday (
-# 
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
+# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
 # http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
-# 
-# )
 # Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
 # modifying the October date. The decree reads:
 # ...
@@ -1565,29 +1620,32 @@ Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 # and that on the first Sunday of the month of October, it is to be set
 # forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
 # ...
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
 # Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
-# They do not tell if this will be a permanent change or just this year....
 # http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-07):
-# For now, assume it's just this year.
-Rule	Para	2013	only	-	Mar	24	0:00	0	-
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
+# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
+# Decree 1264 can be found at:
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
+Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	PYT	1972 Oct # Paraguay Time
-			-3:00	-	PYT	1974 Apr
-			-4:00	Para	PY%sT
+			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	-04	1972 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03	1974 Apr
+			-4:00	Para	-04/-03
 
 # Peru
 #
-# 
-# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26):
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
+# :
 # When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
 # sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
 #
@@ -1595,26 +1653,26 @@ Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 # Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
-			-5:00	Peru	PE%sT	# Peru Time
+			-5:00	Peru	-05/-04
 
 # South Georgia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
-			-2:00	-	GST	# South Georgia Time
+Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890 # Grytviken
+			-2:00	-	-02
 
 # South Sandwich Is
 # uninhabited; scientific personnel have wintered
@@ -1623,105 +1681,286 @@ Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
 			-3:40:52 -	PMT	1935     # Paramaribo Mean Time
-			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct # The capital moved?
-			-3:30	-	NEGT	1975 Nov 20 # Dutch Guiana Time
-			-3:30	-	SRT	1984 Oct # Suriname Time
-			-3:00	-	SRT
+			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct    # The capital moved?
+			-3:30	-	-0330	1984 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Trinidad and Tobago
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
+# These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Antigua
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Montserrat
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
+
 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 # Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-20), per Jeremie Bonjour (2018-01-31) and Michael
+# Deckers (2018-02-20):
+# ... At least they kept good records...
+#
+# http://www.armada.mil.uy/ContenidosPDFs/sohma/web/almanaque/almanaque_2018.pdf#page=36
+# Page 36 of Almanaque 2018, published by the Oceanography, Hydrography, and
+# Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy, seems to give many transitions
+# with greater clarity than we've had before.  It directly references many laws
+# and decrees which are, in turn, referenced below.  They can be viewed in the
+# public archives of the Diario Oficial (in Spanish) at
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/
+#
+# Ley No. 3920 of 1908-06-10 placed the determination of legal time under the
+# auspices of the National Institute for the Prediction of Time.  It is unclear
+# exactly what offset was used during this period, though Ley No. 7200 of
+# 1920-04-23 used the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in
+# Montevideo (34° 54' 33" S, 56° 12' 45" W) as its reference meridian,
+# retarding legal time by 15 minutes 9 seconds from 1920-04-30 24:00,
+# resulting in UT-04.  Assume the corresponding LMT of UT-03:44:51 (given on
+# page 725 of the Proceedings of the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress,
+# 1915-1916) was in use, and merely became official from 1908-06-10.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1908/06/18/12
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1920/04/27/9
+#
+# Ley No. 7594 of 1923-06-28 specified legal time as Observatory time advanced
+# by 44 minutes 51 seconds (UT-03) "from 30 September to 31 March", and by 14
+# minutes 51 seconds (UT-03:30) "the rest of the year"; a message from the
+# National Council of Administration the same day, published directly below the
+# law in the Diario Oficial, specified the first transition to be 1923-09-30
+# 24:00.  This effectively established standard time at UT-03:30 with 30
+# minutes DST.  Assume transitions at 24:00 on the specified days until Ley No.
+# 7919 of 1926-03-05 ended this arrangement, repealing all "laws and other
+# provisions which oppose" it, resulting in year-round UT-03:30; a Resolución
+# of 1926-03-11 puts the final transition at 1926-03-31 24:00, the same as it
+# would have been under the previous law.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1923/07/02/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/10/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/18/2
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives 1923 Oct 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1923	only	-	Oct	 2	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1923	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1933	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 1 0:00 & 1936 Mar 30 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Uruguay	1934	1936	-	Mar	Sat>=25	23:30s	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1936	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1937	1941	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-# Whitman gives 1937 Oct 3; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1937	1940	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
-# Whitman gives 1941 Oct 24 - 1942 Mar 27, 1942 Dec 14 - 1943 Apr 13,
-# and 1943 Apr 13 ``to present time''; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1933/10/27/6
+#
+# It appears Ley No. 9122 of 1933 was never published as such in the Diario
+# Oficial, but instead appeared as Document 26 in the Diario on Friday
+# 1933-10-27 as a decree made Monday 1933-10-23 and filed under the Ministry of
+# National Defense.  It reinstituted a DST of 30 minutes (to UT-03) "from the
+# last Sunday of October...until the last Saturday of March."  In accordance
+# with this provision, the first transition was explicitly specified in Article
+# 2 of the decree as Saturday 1933-10-28 at 24:00; that is, Sunday 1933-10-29
+# at 00:00.  Assume transitions at 00:00 Sunday throughout.
+#
+# Departing from the matter-of-fact nature of previous timekeeping laws, the
+# 1933 decree "consider[s] the advantages of...the advance of legal time":
+#
+#   "Whereas: The measure adopted by almost all nations at the time of the last
+#    World War still persists in North America and Europe, precisely because of
+#    the economic, hygienic, and social advantages derived from such an
+#    emergency measure...
+#
+#    Whereas: The advance of the legal time during the summer seasons, by
+#    displacing social activity near sunrise, favors the citizen populations
+#    and especially the society that creates and works..."
+#
+# It further specified that "necessary measures" be taken to ensure that
+# "public spectacles finish, in general, before [01:00]."
+Rule	Uruguay	1933	1938	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1934	1941	-	Mar	lastSat	24:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Most of the Rules below, and their contemporaneous Zone lines, have been
+# updated simply to match the Almanaque 2018.  Although the document does not
+# list exact transition times, midnight transitions were already present in our
+# data here for all transitions through 2004-09, and this is both consistent
+# with prior transitions and verified in several decrees marked below between
+# 1939-09 and 2004-09, wherein the relevant text was typically of the form:
+#
+#   "From 0 hours on [date], the legal time of the entire Republic will be...
+#
+#    In accordance with [the preceding], on [previous date] at 24 hours, all
+#    clocks throughout the Republic will be [advanced/retarded] by..."
+#
+# It is possible that there is greater specificity to be found for the Rules
+# below, but it is buried in no fewer than 40 different decrees individually
+# referenced by the Almanaque for the period from 1939-09 to 2014-09.
+# Four-fifths of these were promulgated less than two weeks before taking
+# effect; more than half within a week and none more than 5 weeks.  Only the
+# handful with comments below have been checked with any thoroughness.
+Rule	Uruguay	1939	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1940	only	-	Oct	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1145 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1941-07-26, specified
+# UT-03 from Friday 1941-08-01 00:00, citing an "urgent...need to save fuel".
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1941/08/04/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1866 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1942-12-09, specified
+# further advancement (to UT-02:30) from Sunday 1942-12-13 24:00.  Since clocks
+# never went back to UT-03:30 thereafter, this is modeled as advancing standard
+# time by 30 minutes to UT-03, while retaining 30 minutes of DST.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1942/12/16/3
+Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1943	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	Nov	15	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1965	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Apr	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Sep	26	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1966	1967	-	Oct	31	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	Dec	 2	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	24	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Aug	15	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	May	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	12	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks & Pottenger say no DST was observed in 1990/1 and 1991/2,
-# and that 1992/3's DST was from 10-25 to 03-01.  Go with IATA.
-Rule	Uruguay	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 321/968 of 1968-05-25, citing emergency drought measures decreed the
+# day before, brought clocks forward 30 minutes from Monday 1968-05-27 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1968/05/30/5
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 188/970 of 1970-04-23 instituted restrictions on electricity
+# consumption "as a consequence of the current rainfall regime in the country".
+# Articles 13 and 14 advanced clocks by an hour from Saturday 1970-04-25 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1970/04/29/4
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Jun	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	23	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Jul	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 29/974 of 1974-01-11, citing "the international rise in the price of
+# oil", advanced clocks by 90 minutes (to UT-01:30).  Decreto 163/974 of
+# 1974-03-04 returned 60 of those minutes (to UT-02:30), and the remaining 30
+# minutes followed in Decreto 679/974 of 1974-08-29.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/01/22/11
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/03/14/3
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/09/04/6
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Jan	13	 0:00	1:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1975	only	-	Mar	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Dec	19	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	1979	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Dec	17	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Apr	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 725/987 of 1987-12-04 cited "better use of national tourist
+# attractions" to advance clocks one hour from Monday 1987-12-14 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1988/01/25/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	 5	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Paul Eggert (1999-11-04):
+# IATA agrees as below for 1990-10 through 1993-02.  Per Almanaque 2018, the
+# 1992/1993 season appears to be the first in over half a century where DST
+# both began and ended pursuant to the same decree.
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1991	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
-# The uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/decretos/2004091502.htm
-Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 328/004 of 2004-09-15.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2004/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
 # Uruguay's DST was scheduled to end on Sunday, 2005-03-13, but in order to
 # save energy ... it was postponed two weeks....
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/noticias/2005/03/2005031005.htm
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# This 2005 postponement is not in Almanaque 2018.  Go with the contemporaneous
+# reporting, which is confirmed by Decreto 107/005 of 2005-03-10 amending
+# Decreto 328/004:
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/03/15/documentos.pdf#page=1
+# The original decree specified a transition of 2005-03-12 24:00, but the new
+# one specified 2005-03-27 02:00.
 Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2005-09-27):
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/decretos/2005/09/CM%20119_09%2009%202005_00001.PDF
-# This means that from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at
-# 02:00 local time, official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
-Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2006/09/CM%20210_08%2006%202006_00001.PDF
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
-			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1	# Montevideo MT
-			-3:30	Uruguay	UY%sT	1942 Dec 14	# Uruguay Time
-			-3:00	Uruguay	UY%sT
+# ...from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at 02:00 local time,
+# official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 318/005 of 2005-09-19.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# Decreto 311/006 of 2006-09-04 established regular DST from the first Sunday
+# of October at 02:00 through the second Sunday of March at 02:00.  Almanaque
+# 2018 appears to have a few typoed dates through this period; ignore them.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2006/09/08/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
+# ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
+# http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
+# http://www.republica.com.uy/este-ano-no-se-modificara-el-huso-horario-en-uruguay/523760/
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-30):
+# Apparently restaurateurs complained that DST caused people to go to the beach
+# instead of out to dinner.
+# From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
+# http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 178/015 of 2015-06-29; repeals Decreto 311/006.
+
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:51 -	LMT	1908 Jun 10
+			-3:44:51 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1923 Oct  1
+			-3:30	Uruguay	-0330/-03 1942 Dec 14
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1960
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1968
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1970
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1974
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0130 1974 Mar 10
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1974 Dec 22
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02
 
 # Venezuela
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-28):
+# For the 1965 transition see Gaceta Oficial No. 27.619 (1964-12-15), p 205.533
+# http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1964/27619.pdf
+#
 # From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
 # ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
 # been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
-# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la Republica Bolivariana
-# de Venezuela, numero 38.819" (official document for all laws or
+# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
+# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
 # resolution publication)
 # http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-04-15):
+# https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/204758-venezuela-modificar-huso-horario-sequia-elnino
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-04-15):
+# Clocks advance 30 minutes on 2016-05-01 at 02:30....
+# "'Venezuela's new time-zone: hours without light, hours without water,
+# hours of presidential broadcasts, hours of lines,' quipped comedian
+# Jean Mary Curró ...". See: Cawthorne A, Kai D. Venezuela scraps
+# half-hour time difference set by Chavez. Reuters 2016-04-15 14:50 -0400
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-20):
+# ... published in the official Gazette [2016-04-18], here:
+# http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta_ext/abril/1842016/E-1842016-4551.pdf
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
-			-4:30	-	VET	1965	     # Venezuela Time
-			-4:00	-	VET	2007 Dec  9 03:00
-			-4:30	-	VET
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965 Jan  1  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2007 Dec  9  3:00
+			-4:30	-	-0430	2016 May  1  2:30
+			-4:00	-	-04
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/systemv b/extra/zoneinfo/systemv
index e651e8540d..24c8f64197 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/systemv
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/systemv
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for System V rules (this file is obsolete)
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/to2050.tzs b/extra/zoneinfo/to2050.tzs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a969bd539b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/to2050.tzs
@@ -0,0 +1,30993 @@
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Bamako
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Banjul
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Conakry
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Dakar
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Freetown
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Lome
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Nouakchott
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Ouagadougou
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Timbuktu
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Atlantic/St_Helena
+Link	Africa/Cairo	Egypt
+Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Maseru
+Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Mbabane
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Bangui
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Brazzaville
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Douala
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Kinshasa
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Libreville
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Luanda
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Malabo
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Niamey
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Porto-Novo
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Blantyre
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Bujumbura
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Gaborone
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Harare
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Kigali
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Lubumbashi
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Lusaka
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Addis_Ababa
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Asmara
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Djibouti
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Kampala
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Mogadishu
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Indian/Antananarivo
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Indian/Comoro
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Indian/Mayotte
+Link	Africa/Tripoli	Libya
+Link	America/Adak	America/Atka
+Link	America/Adak	US/Aleutian
+Link	America/Anchorage	US/Alaska
+Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
+Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
+Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Atikokan	America/Coral_Harbour
+Link	America/Chicago	US/Central
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Aruba
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes
+Link	America/Denver	America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Denver	Navajo
+Link	America/Denver	US/Mountain
+Link	America/Detroit	US/Michigan
+Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
+Link	America/Halifax	Canada/Atlantic
+Link	America/Havana	Cuba
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Indianapolis
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	US/East-Indiana
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	US/Indiana-Starke
+Link	America/Jamaica	Jamaica
+Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
+Link	America/Los_Angeles	US/Pacific
+Link	America/Manaus	Brazil/West
+Link	America/Mazatlan	Mexico/BajaSur
+Link	America/Mexico_City	Mexico/General
+Link	America/New_York	US/Eastern
+Link	America/Noronha	Brazil/DeNoronha
+Link	America/Panama	America/Cayman
+Link	America/Phoenix	US/Arizona
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Anguilla
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Antigua
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Dominica
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Grenada
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Guadeloupe
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Marigot
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Montserrat
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Barthelemy
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Kitts
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Lucia
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Thomas
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Vincent
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Tortola
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Regina	Canada/Saskatchewan
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	Brazil/Acre
+Link	America/Santiago	Chile/Continental
+Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
+Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
+Link	America/Tijuana	America/Ensenada
+Link	America/Tijuana	America/Santa_Isabel
+Link	America/Tijuana	Mexico/BajaNorte
+Link	America/Toronto	America/Montreal
+Link	America/Toronto	Canada/Eastern
+Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
+Link	America/Whitehorse	Canada/Yukon
+Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
+Link	Asia/Ashgabat	Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link	Asia/Bangkok	Asia/Phnom_Penh
+Link	Asia/Bangkok	Asia/Vientiane
+Link	Asia/Dhaka	Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Dubai	Asia/Muscat
+Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Hong_Kong	Hongkong
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem	Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem	Israel
+Link	Asia/Kathmandu	Asia/Katmandu
+Link	Asia/Kolkata	Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Macau	Asia/Macao
+Link	Asia/Makassar	Asia/Ujung_Pandang
+Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
+Link	Asia/Qatar	Asia/Bahrain
+Link	Asia/Riyadh	Asia/Aden
+Link	Asia/Riyadh	Asia/Kuwait
+Link	Asia/Seoul	ROK
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	PRC
+Link	Asia/Singapore	Singapore
+Link	Asia/Taipei	ROC
+Link	Asia/Tehran	Iran
+Link	Asia/Thimphu	Asia/Thimbu
+Link	Asia/Tokyo	Japan
+Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
+Link	Asia/Urumqi	Asia/Kashgar
+Link	Asia/Yangon	Asia/Rangoon
+Link	Atlantic/Faroe	Atlantic/Faeroe
+Link	Atlantic/Reykjavik	Iceland
+Link	Australia/Adelaide	Australia/South
+Link	Australia/Brisbane	Australia/Queensland
+Link	Australia/Broken_Hill	Australia/Yancowinna
+Link	Australia/Darwin	Australia/North
+Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Tasmania
+Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
+Link	Australia/Melbourne	Australia/Victoria
+Link	Australia/Perth	Australia/West
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/NSW
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/Greenwich
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Greenwich
+Link	Etc/UCT	UCT
+Link	Etc/UTC	Etc/Universal
+Link	Etc/UTC	Etc/Zulu
+Link	Etc/UTC	UTC
+Link	Etc/UTC	Universal
+Link	Etc/UTC	Zulu
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Ljubljana
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Podgorica
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Sarajevo
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Skopje
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Zagreb
+Link	Europe/Chisinau	Europe/Tiraspol
+Link	Europe/Dublin	Eire
+Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
+Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul
+Link	Europe/Istanbul	Turkey
+Link	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Belfast
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
+Link	Europe/London	GB
+Link	Europe/London	GB-Eire
+Link	Europe/Moscow	W-SU
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+Link	Europe/Prague	Europe/Bratislava
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
+Link	Europe/Warsaw	Poland
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Vaduz
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/McMurdo
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
+Link	Pacific/Chatham	NZ-CHAT
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk	Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk	Pacific/Yap
+Link	Pacific/Easter	Chile/EasterIsland
+Link	Pacific/Guam	Pacific/Saipan
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	US/Hawaii
+Link	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Midway
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	US/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pacific/Ponape
+
+TZ="Africa/Abidjan"
+-	-	-001608	LMT
+1912-01-01	00:16:08	+00	GMT
+
+TZ="Africa/Accra"
+-	-	-000052	LMT
+1918-01-01	00:00:52	+00	GMT
+1920-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1920-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1921-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1921-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1922-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1922-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1923-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1923-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1924-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1924-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1925-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1925-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1926-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1926-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1927-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1927-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1928-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1928-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1929-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
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+TZ="America/Bahia"
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+-	-	-053211	LMT
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+-	-	-054852	LMT
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+-	-	-043508	LMT
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+TZ="America/Yakutat"
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+
+TZ="America/Yellowknife"
+-	-	-00
+1934-12-31	17	-07	MST
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Casey"
+-	-	-00
+1969-01-01	08	+08
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Davis"
+-	-	-00
+1957-01-13	07	+07
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/DumontDUrville"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Macquarie"
+-	-	-00
+1899-11-01	10	+10	AEST
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Mawson"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Palmer"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Rothera"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Syowa"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Troll"
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Vostok"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Asia/Almaty"
+-	-	+050748	LMT
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+2005-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2005-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2006-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2006-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2007-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2007-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2008-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2008-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2009-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2009-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2010-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2010-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2011-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2011-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2012-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2012-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2013-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2013-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2014-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2014-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2015-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2015-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2016-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2016-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2017-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2017-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2018-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2018-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2019-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2019-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2020-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2020-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2021-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2021-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2022-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2022-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2023-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2023-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2024-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2024-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2025-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2025-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2026-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2026-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2027-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2027-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2028-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2028-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2029-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2029-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2030-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2030-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2031-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2031-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2032-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2032-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2033-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2033-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2034-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2034-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2035-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2035-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2036-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2036-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2037-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2037-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2038-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2038-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2039-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2039-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2040-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2040-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2041-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2041-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2042-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2042-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2043-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2043-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2044-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2044-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2045-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2045-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2046-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2046-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2047-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2047-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2048-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2048-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2049-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2049-10-31	01	+00	WET
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab b/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab
index c1cd95e89e..27e1dee61e 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab
@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
-# 
+# tzdb timezone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# TZ zone descriptions
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-08-05):
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
-# 1.  ISO 3166 2-character country code.  See the file `iso3166.tab'.
-# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
-#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
-#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
-#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
-# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
-# 4.  Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows.
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a timezone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
-# The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that
-# (1) makes some geographical sense, and
-# (2) puts the most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
-#
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
 #code	coordinates	TZ			comments
@@ -32,23 +30,22 @@ AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
 AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
 AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
-AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo Station, Ross Island
-AQ	-9000+00000	Antarctica/South_Pole	Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole
-AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
-AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
-AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
-AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
-AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
-AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
-AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Terre Adelie
-AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
-AQ	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island Station, Macquarie Island
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	New Zealand time - McMurdo, South Pole
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
-AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
-AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
 AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
 AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
-AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT); Chubut (CH)
 AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
 AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
 AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
@@ -58,17 +55,18 @@ AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
 AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
-AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
-AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
-AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales - most locations
-AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Yancowinna
-AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland - most locations
-AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland - Holiday Islands
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
 AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
 AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
-AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia - most locations
-AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia - Eucla area
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
 AW	+1230-06958	America/Aruba
 AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
 AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
@@ -87,100 +85,99 @@ BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
 BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
 BQ	+120903-0681636	America/Kralendijk
 BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
-BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Amapa, E Para
-BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Para (east); Amapa
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
 BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
 BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
 BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
 BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
-BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
 BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
 BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
-BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	W Para
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Para (west)
 BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondonia
 BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
-BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	E Amazonas
-BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	W Amazonas
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
 BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
 BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
 BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
 BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
 BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
 BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
-CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Time, including SE Labrador
-CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (most places), PEI
-CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia - places that did not observe DST 1966-1971
-CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
-CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
-CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
-CA	+4531-07334	America/Montreal	Eastern Time - Quebec - most locations
-CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario - most locations
-CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
-CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
-CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
-CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
-CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Standard Time - Resolute, Nunavut
-CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
-CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
-CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
-CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central Time - Rainy River & Fort Frances, Ontario
-CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - most locations
-CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - midwest
-CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Alberta, east British Columbia & west Saskatchewan
-CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain Time - west Nunavut
-CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
-CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
-CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
-CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
-CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
-CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
-CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific Time - north Yukon
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland; Labrador (southeast)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (south)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (north)
 CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
-CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	west Dem. Rep. of Congo
-CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	east Dem. Rep. of Congo
+CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	Dem. Rep. of Congo (west)
+CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	Dem. Rep. of Congo (east)
 CF	+0422+01835	Africa/Bangui
 CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
 CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
 CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
-CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
-CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
-CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	east China - Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, etc.
-CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang (except Mohe), Jilin
-CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China - Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, etc.
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	most of Tibet & Xinjiang
-CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	west Tibet & Xinjiang
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
 CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
 CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
-CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	Cyprus (most areas)
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
 CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
-DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most locations
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
 DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
 DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
 DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
 DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
 DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
 DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
-EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	mainland
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
 EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galapagos Islands
 EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
 EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
 EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
 ER	+1520+03853	Africa/Asmara
-ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	mainland
-ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta & Melilla
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
 ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
 ET	+0902+03842	Africa/Addis_Ababa
 FI	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
 FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
 FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
-FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk (Truk) and Yap
-FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei (Ponape)
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
 FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
 FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
 FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
@@ -189,13 +186,13 @@ GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
 GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
 GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
-GG	+4927-00232	Europe/Guernsey
+GG	+492717-0023210	Europe/Guernsey
 GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
-GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
-GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	east coast, north of Scoresbysund
-GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
-GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
 GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
 GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
 GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
@@ -211,12 +208,12 @@ HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
 HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
 HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
 HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
-ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
-ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
-ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
-ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south); Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra; Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya); Malukus/Moluccas
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
-IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
 IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
@@ -224,8 +221,8 @@ IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
 IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
 IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
-JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
-JM	+1800-07648	America/Jamaica
+JE	+491101-0020624	Europe/Jersey
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
@@ -240,10 +237,12 @@ KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
 KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
 KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
-KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most locations
-KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda (Kyzylorda, Kzyl-Orda)
-KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe (Aktobe)
-KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau (Atirau, Gur'yev), Mangghystau (Mankistau)
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystau/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev
 KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
 LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
 LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
@@ -262,15 +261,15 @@ MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
 ME	+4226+01916	Europe/Podgorica
 MF	+1804-06305	America/Marigot
 MG	-1855+04731	Indian/Antananarivo
-MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most locations
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
 MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
 MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
 ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako
-MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
-MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
 MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
 MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
-MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
 MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
 MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
@@ -279,20 +278,19 @@ MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
 MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
 MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
 MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
-MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
-MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Central Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
 MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
-MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Mexican Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas away from US border
-MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	US Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas near US border
-MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - S Baja, Nayarit, Sinaloa
-MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mexican Mountain Time - Chihuahua away from US border
-MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	US Mountain Time - Chihuahua near US border
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
 MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
-MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	US Pacific Time - Baja California near US border
-MX	+3018-11452	America/Santa_Isabel	Mexican Pacific Time - Baja California away from US border
-MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Mexican Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
-MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
-MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah & Sarawak
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
 MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
 NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
 NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
@@ -305,7 +303,7 @@ NO	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
 NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
 NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
-NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most locations
+NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand (most areas)
 NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
 OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
 PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
@@ -313,7 +311,8 @@ PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
 PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
 PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
 PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
-PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
 PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
 PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
 PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
 PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
 PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
 PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
-PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	mainland
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
 PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
 PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
 PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
@@ -331,24 +330,33 @@ QA	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
 RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
 RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
 RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
-RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
-RU	+5545+03735	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
-RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
-RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 - Samara, Udmurtia
-RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
-RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
-RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
-RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 - Novokuznetsk
-RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
-RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
-RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
-RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
-RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
-RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
-RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
-RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
-RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 - Kamchatka
-RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 - Bering Sea
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
 SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
 SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
@@ -365,7 +373,7 @@ SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
 SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
 SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
 SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
-SS	+0451+03136	Africa/Juba
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
 ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
 SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
 SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
@@ -387,47 +395,44 @@ TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
 TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
-UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
 UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
-UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
-UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	central Crimea
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye/Zaporizhia; Lugansk/Luhansk (east)
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
-UM	+1645-16931	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
 UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
-US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern Time
-US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations
-US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area
-US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County
-US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern Time - Indiana - most locations
-US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern Time - Indiana - Daviess, Dubois, Knox & Martin Counties
-US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pulaski County
-US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern Time - Indiana - Crawford County
-US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pike County
-US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
-US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
-US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central Time - Indiana - Perry County
-US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central Time - Indiana - Starke County
-US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron & Menominee Counties
-US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
-US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central Time - North Dakota - Morton County (except Mandan area)
-US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
-US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
-US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
-US	+364708-1084111	America/Shiprock	Mountain Time - Navajo
-US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona
-US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
-US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
-US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
-US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
-US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
-US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
-US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Metlakatla Time - Annette Island
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
-UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
-UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
-UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	east Uzbekistan
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
 VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican
 VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
 VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab b/extra/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a8e4244fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a timezone where
+# civil timestamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the timezone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.  See the file 'iso3166.tab'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the timezone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either ±DDMM±DDDMM or ±DDMMSS±DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Timezone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the theory.html file for how these names are chosen.
+#     If multiple timezones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if a country has multiple timezones.
+#
+# If a timezone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous timezones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT); Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Pará (east); Amapá
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Pará (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland; Labrador (southeast)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (south)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (north)
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
+CI,BF,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW,AW,BQ,SX	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	Cyprus (most areas)
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south); Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra; Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya); Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtöbe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystaū/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyraū/Atirau/Gur'yev
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO,SJ	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE,TF	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion	Réunion, Crozet, Scattered Islands
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+SA,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen	Kerguelen, St Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
+TH,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	Indochina (most areas)
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT,AG,AI,BL,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,VC,VG,VI	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye/Zaporizhia; Lugansk/Luhansk (east)
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
+US,UM	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Vietnam (south)
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor b/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor
index 81b04e2b0b..bef2da0553 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor
@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@ CONSTANT: zoneinfo-paths
     "vocab:zoneinfo/europe"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/northamerica"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/pacificnew"
-    "vocab:zoneinfo/solar87"
-    "vocab:zoneinfo/solar88"
-    "vocab:zoneinfo/solar89"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/southamerica"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/systemv"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/leapseconds"