diff --git a/core/alien/alien-tests.factor b/core/alien/alien-tests.factor
index ca475bf80a..aedad25906 100644
--- a/core/alien/alien-tests.factor
+++ b/core/alien/alien-tests.factor
@@ -64,3 +64,7 @@ cell 8 = [
 [ 0 B{ 1 2 3 } <displaced-alien> alien-address ] unit-test-fails
 
 [ 1 1 <displaced-alien> ] unit-test-fails
+
+[ f ] [ 0 B{ 1 2 3 } <displaced-alien> pinned-c-ptr? ] unit-test
+
+[ "( displaced alien )" ] [ 0 B{ 1 2 3 } <displaced-alien> unparse ] unit-test
diff --git a/core/alien/alien.factor b/core/alien/alien.factor
index 564efd72df..32157dcb90 100644
--- a/core/alien/alien.factor
+++ b/core/alien/alien.factor
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ PREDICATE: alien pinned-alien
     underlying-alien pinned-c-ptr? ;
 
 UNION: pinned-c-ptr
-    alien POSTPONE: f ;
+    pinned-alien POSTPONE: f ;
 
 UNION: c-ptr
     alien bit-array byte-array float-array POSTPONE: f ;
diff --git a/core/alien/c-types/c-types-tests.factor b/core/alien/c-types/c-types-tests.factor
index ee2d8b309b..c988446e20 100644
--- a/core/alien/c-types/c-types-tests.factor
+++ b/core/alien/c-types/c-types-tests.factor
@@ -68,3 +68,7 @@ TYPEDEF: int* MyIntArray
 TYPEDEF: uchar* MyLPBYTE
 
 [ t ] [ "char*" c-type "MyLPBYTE" c-type eq? ] unit-test
+
+[
+    0 B{ 1 2 3 4 } <displaced-alien> <void*>
+] unit-test-fails
diff --git a/core/alien/syntax/syntax.factor b/core/alien/syntax/syntax.factor
index d204390d00..ed1520e9a1 100644
--- a/core/alien/syntax/syntax.factor
+++ b/core/alien/syntax/syntax.factor
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 USING: arrays alien alien.c-types alien.structs kernel math
 namespaces parser sequences words quotations math.parser
 splitting effects prettyprint prettyprint.sections
-prettyprint.backend assocs ;
+prettyprint.backend assocs combinators ;
 IN: alien.syntax
 
 <PRIVATE
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ PRIVATE>
     parsing
 
 M: alien pprint*
-    dup expired? [
-        drop "( alien expired )" text
-    ] [
-        \ ALIEN: [ alien-address pprint* ] pprint-prefix
-    ] if ;
+    {
+        { [ dup expired? ] [ drop "( alien expired )" text ] }
+        { [ dup pinned-c-ptr? not ] [ drop "( displaced alien )" text ] }
+        { [ t ] [ \ ALIEN: [ alien-address pprint* ] pprint-prefix ] }
+    } cond ;
 
 M: dll pprint* dll-path dup "DLL\" " pprint-string ;
diff --git a/core/vocabs/loader/loader-docs.factor b/core/vocabs/loader/loader-docs.factor
index 160177cdf6..d4ef697a15 100644
--- a/core/vocabs/loader/loader-docs.factor
+++ b/core/vocabs/loader/loader-docs.factor
@@ -120,10 +120,6 @@ HELP: vocab-tests-path
 { $values { "vocab" "a vocabulary specifier" } { "path/f" "a pathname string or " { $link f } } }
 { $description "Outputs a pathname where the unit tests for " { $snippet "vocab" } " might be found. Outputs " { $link f } " if the vocabulary does not have a directory on disk." } ;
 
-HELP: (refresh)
-{ $values { "prefix" string } { "seq" "a sequence of strings" } }
-{ $description "Reloads source files and documentation belonging to loaded vocabularies whose names are prefixed by " { $snippet "prefix" } " which have been modified on disk. Also outputs a sequence of reloaded vocabularies." } ;
-
 HELP: refresh
 { $values { "prefix" string } }
 { $description "Reloads source files and documentation belonging to loaded vocabularies whose names are prefixed by " { $snippet "prefix" } " which have been modified on disk." } ;
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ HELP: refresh
 HELP: refresh-all
 { $description "Reloads source files and documentation for all loaded vocabularies which have been modified on disk." } ;
 
-{ refresh (refresh) refresh-all } related-words
+{ refresh refresh-all } related-words
 
 HELP: vocab-file-contents
 { $values { "vocab" "a vocabulary specifier" } { "name" string } { "seq" "a sequence of lines, or " { $link f } } }
diff --git a/core/vocabs/loader/loader.factor b/core/vocabs/loader/loader.factor
index 48ff041b6c..e9dc4f3e55 100644
--- a/core/vocabs/loader/loader.factor
+++ b/core/vocabs/loader/loader.factor
@@ -119,9 +119,10 @@ SYMBOL: load-help?
         "To define one, refer to \\ MAIN: help" print
     ] ?if ;
 
-: modified ( assoc -- seq )
-    [ nip dup [ source-modified? ] when ] assoc-subset
-    keys ;
+: modified ( seq quot -- seq )
+    [ dup ] swap compose { } map>assoc
+    [ nip ] assoc-subset
+    [ nip source-modified? ] assoc-subset keys ; inline
 
 : vocab-path+ ( vocab path -- newpath )
     swap vocab-root dup [ swap path+ ] [ 2drop f ] if ;
@@ -136,19 +137,26 @@ SYMBOL: load-help?
     dup vocab-docs vocab-path+ ;
 
 : modified-sources ( vocabs -- seq )
-    [ dup vocab-source-path ] { } map>assoc modified ;
+    [ vocab-source-path ] modified ;
 
 : modified-docs ( vocabs -- seq )
-    [ dup vocab-docs-path ] { } map>assoc modified ;
+    [ vocab-docs-path ] modified ;
 
-: (refresh) ( prefix -- seq )
+: update-roots ( vocabs -- )
+    [ dup find-vocab-root swap vocab set-vocab-root ] each ;
+
+: to-refresh ( prefix -- seq )
     child-vocabs
-    dup modified-sources swap modified-docs 2dup
+    dup update-roots
+    dup modified-sources swap modified-docs ;
+
+: do-refresh ( modified-sources modified-docs -- )
+    2dup
     [ f swap set-vocab-docs-loaded? ] each
     [ f swap set-vocab-source-loaded? ] each
-    append prune dup [ [ require ] each ] no-parse-hook ;
+    append prune [ [ require ] each ] no-parse-hook ;
 
-: refresh ( prefix -- ) (refresh) drop ;
+: refresh ( prefix -- ) to-refresh do-refresh ;
 
 : refresh-all ( -- ) "" refresh ;
 
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/help/authors.txt b/extra/bootstrap/help/authors.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/help/authors.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/help/authors.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/help/help.factor b/extra/bootstrap/help/help.factor
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/help/help.factor
rename to extra/bootstrap/help/help.factor
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/help/summary.txt b/extra/bootstrap/help/summary.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/help/summary.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/help/summary.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/io/authors.txt b/extra/bootstrap/io/authors.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/io/authors.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/io/authors.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/io/io.factor b/extra/bootstrap/io/io.factor
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/io/io.factor
rename to extra/bootstrap/io/io.factor
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/io/summary.txt b/extra/bootstrap/io/summary.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/io/summary.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/io/summary.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/math/math.factor b/extra/bootstrap/math/math.factor
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/math/math.factor
rename to extra/bootstrap/math/math.factor
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/math/summary.txt b/extra/bootstrap/math/summary.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/math/summary.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/math/summary.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/tools/authors.txt b/extra/bootstrap/tools/authors.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/tools/authors.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/tools/authors.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/tools/summary.txt b/extra/bootstrap/tools/summary.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/tools/summary.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/tools/summary.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/tools/tools.factor b/extra/bootstrap/tools/tools.factor
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/tools/tools.factor
rename to extra/bootstrap/tools/tools.factor
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/ui/authors.txt b/extra/bootstrap/ui/authors.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/ui/authors.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/ui/authors.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/ui/summary.txt b/extra/bootstrap/ui/summary.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/ui/summary.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/ui/summary.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/ui/tools/authors.txt b/extra/bootstrap/ui/tools/authors.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/ui/tools/authors.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/ui/tools/authors.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/ui/tools/summary.txt b/extra/bootstrap/ui/tools/summary.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/ui/tools/summary.txt
rename to extra/bootstrap/ui/tools/summary.txt
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/ui/tools/tools.factor b/extra/bootstrap/ui/tools/tools.factor
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/ui/tools/tools.factor
rename to extra/bootstrap/ui/tools/tools.factor
diff --git a/core/bootstrap/ui/ui.factor b/extra/bootstrap/ui/ui.factor
similarity index 100%
rename from core/bootstrap/ui/ui.factor
rename to extra/bootstrap/ui/ui.factor
diff --git a/extra/tools/test/test.factor b/extra/tools/test/test.factor
index bc9dd0ffeb..88f94a7fd6 100644
--- a/extra/tools/test/test.factor
+++ b/extra/tools/test/test.factor
@@ -76,4 +76,5 @@ TUPLE: expected-error ;
 
 : test-all ( -- ) "" test ;
 
-: test-changes ( -- ) "" (refresh) run-vocab-tests ;
+: test-changes ( -- )
+    "" to-refresh dupd do-refresh run-vocab-tests ;
diff --git a/vm/os-linux-arm.c b/vm/os-linux-arm.c
index 217fb58fa7..39a3da0b3f 100644
--- a/vm/os-linux-arm.c
+++ b/vm/os-linux-arm.c
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ void flush_icache(CELL start, CELL len)
 	identically to the below assembly. */
 	/* result = syscall(__ARM_NR_cacheflush,start,start + len,0); */
 
+	/* Assembly swiped from
+	http://lists.arm.linux.org.uk/pipermail/linux-arm/2002-July/003931.html
+	*/
 	__asm__ __volatile__ (
 		"mov     r0, %1\n"
 		"sub     r1, %2, #1\n"