diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml index 661f386676..c4e9048d23 100644 --- a/.travis.yml +++ b/.travis.yml @@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ addons: - libaio-dev - libsnappy-dev before_install: + - uname -s - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then ./build.sh deps-macosx ; else ./build.sh deps-apt-get ; fi - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew ls --versions snappy > /dev/null || brew install snappy; fi - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew ls --versions cmake > /dev/null || brew install cmake; fi @@ -48,10 +49,11 @@ before_install: - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then curl -sSL https://rvm.io/mpapis.asc | gpg --import - ; fi - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then curl -sSL https://rvm.io/pkuczynski.asc | gpg --import - ; fi - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable; fi # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/6307 - - > - wget https://github.com/vmt/udis86/archive/v1.7.2.tar.gz && tar xzvf v1.7.2.tar.gz && - ( cd udis86-1.7.2/ && ./autogen.sh && ./configure --enable-shared=yes && make && sudo make install ) && - ( [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" != "osx" ]] && sudo ldconfig || true ) + - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" != "windows" ]]; then + wget https://github.com/vmt/udis86/archive/v1.7.2.tar.gz && tar xzvf v1.7.2.tar.gz && + ( cd udis86-1.7.2/ && ./autogen.sh && ./configure --enable-shared=yes && make && sudo make install ) && + ( [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" != "osx" ]] && sudo ldconfig || true ); + fi - git remote set-branches --add origin master - git remote set-branches --add origin clean-windows-x86-64 - git remote set-branches --add origin clean-windows-x86-32 diff --git a/basis/ui/tools/inspector/inspector.factor b/basis/ui/tools/inspector/inspector.factor index 059b68680c..257e2fc854 100644 --- a/basis/ui/tools/inspector/inspector.factor +++ b/basis/ui/tools/inspector/inspector.factor @@ -1,13 +1,14 @@ ! Copyright (C) 2006, 2009 Slava Pestov. ! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license. -USING: accessors arrays assocs classes combinators fonts fry -hashtables inspector io io.styles kernel math.vectors mirrors -models models.arrow namespaces prettyprint sequences sorting ui -ui.commands ui.gadgets ui.gadgets.labeled ui.gadgets.panes -ui.gadgets.scrollers ui.gadgets.status-bar ui.gadgets.tables +USING: accessors arrays assocs classes combinators fonts +formatting fry hashtables inspector io io.styles kernel math +math.parser math.vectors mirrors models models.arrow namespaces +prettyprint sequences sorting strings ui ui.commands ui.gadgets +ui.gadgets.labeled ui.gadgets.panes ui.gadgets.scrollers +ui.gadgets.status-bar ui.gadgets.tables ui.gadgets.tables.private ui.gadgets.toolbar ui.gadgets.tracks ui.gestures ui.operations ui.theme ui.tools.browser -ui.tools.common ui.tools.inspector.slots ; +ui.tools.common ui.tools.inspector.slots unicode ; IN: ui.tools.inspector @@ -68,6 +69,28 @@ GENERIC: make-slot-descriptions ( obj -- seq ) M: object make-slot-descriptions make-mirror [ ] { } assoc>map ; +M: string make-slot-descriptions + [ + swap [ dup number>string ] dip dup + dup printable? [ 1string ] [ + dup 0xff <= [ + H{ + { CHAR: \a "\\a" } + { CHAR: \b "\\b" } + { CHAR: \e "\\e" } + { CHAR: \f "\\f" } + { CHAR: \n "\\n" } + { CHAR: \r "\\r" } + { CHAR: \t "\\t" } + { CHAR: \v "\\v" } + { CHAR: \0 "\\0" } + } ?at [ "\\x%02x" sprintf ] unless + ] [ + "\\u{%x}" sprintf + ] if + ] if slot-description boa + ] map-index ; + M: hashtable make-slot-descriptions call-next-method [ key-string>> ] sort-with ; diff --git a/build.sh b/build.sh index 831a0a164d..ec07a89dfd 100755 --- a/build.sh +++ b/build.sh @@ -250,6 +250,7 @@ find_os() { *CYGWIN_NT*) OS=windows;; *CYGWIN*) OS=windows;; MINGW32*) OS=windows;; + MSYS_NT*) OS=windows;; *darwin*) OS=macosx;; *Darwin*) OS=macosx;; *linux*) OS=linux;; diff --git a/extra/random/xoshiro/authors.txt b/extra/random/xoshiro/authors.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7c1b2f2279 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/random/xoshiro/authors.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Doug Coleman diff --git a/extra/random/xoshiro/tags.txt b/extra/random/xoshiro/tags.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fb5bea3ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/random/xoshiro/tags.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +rng diff --git a/extra/random/xoshiro/xoshiro-tests.factor b/extra/random/xoshiro/xoshiro-tests.factor new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef6a25667a --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/random/xoshiro/xoshiro-tests.factor @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +! Copyright (C) 2018 Doug Coleman. +! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license. +USING: kernel math random.xoshiro tools.test ; +IN: random.xoshiro.tests + +{ + 2 3 131074 70368744177664 + 5760 +} [ + 0 1 2 3 + (next-256) +] unit-test + +{ + 4046638647718970624 + 2015137892536077249 + 6184416992699500823 + 16308606917844226410 +} [ + 0 1 2 3 + 10,000 [ + (next-256) drop + ] times +] unit-test + +{ + 14662298501051415801 + 12883398035623381500 + 17052052954271276209 + 1546841944388125985 +} [ 0 1 2 3 jump-256 ] unit-test + +{ + 15716266295256758020 + 17232205271518152816 + 9857397594961175947 + 8327361040835137714 +} [ 0 1 2 3 long-jump-256 ] unit-test \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/extra/random/xoshiro/xoshiro.factor b/extra/random/xoshiro/xoshiro.factor new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..acfff6c26f --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/random/xoshiro/xoshiro.factor @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +! Copyright (C) 2018 Doug Coleman. +! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license. +USING: accessors alien.c-types classes.struct kernel locals math +math.bitwise random sequences slots.syntax ; +IN: random.xoshiro + +! http://xoshiro.di.unimi.it/xoshiro256starstar.c + +CONSTANT: JUMP-256 { + 0x180ec6d33cfd0aba + 0xd5a61266f0c9392c + 0xa9582618e03fc9aa + 0x39abdc4529b1661c +} + +CONSTANT: LONG-JUMP-256 { + 0x76e15d3efefdcbbf + 0xc5004e441c522fb3 + 0x77710069854ee241 + 0x39109bb02acbe635 +} + +STRUCT: xoshiro-256-star-star { s0 ulonglong } { s1 ulonglong } { s2 ulonglong } { s3 ulonglong } ; + +: ( s0 s1 s2 s3 -- obj ) + xoshiro-256-star-star + swap >>s3 + swap >>s2 + swap >>s1 + swap >>s0 ; inline + +: rotl-256 ( x: uint64_t k: int -- out: uint64_t ) + [ shift ] + [ 64 swap - neg shift ] 2bi bitor 64 bits ; inline + +:: (next-256) ( s0! s1! s2! s3! -- s0 s1 s2 s3 64-random-bits ) + s1 5 * 7 rotl-256 9 * 64 bits :> 64-random-bits + s1 17 shift 64 bits :> t + s0 s2 bitxor s2! + s1 s3 bitxor s3! + s2 s1 bitxor s1! + s3 s0 bitxor s0! + s2 t bitxor s2! + s3 45 rotl-256 s3! + s0 s1 s2 s3 64-random-bits ; inline + +: next-256 ( xoshiro-256-star-star -- r64 ) + dup get[ s0 s1 s2 s3 ] (next-256) + [ set[ s0 s1 s2 s3 ] drop ] dip ; + +:: jump ( s0! s1! s2! s3! jump-table -- s0' s1' s2' s3' ) + 0 0 0 0 :> ( t0! t1! t2! t3! ) + 4 [ + 64 [ + [ jump-table nth ] [ 1 swap shift ] bi* bitand 0 > [ + s0 t0 bitxor t0! + s1 t1 bitxor t1! + s2 t2 bitxor t2! + s3 t3 bitxor t3! + ] when + s0 s1 s2 s3 (next-256) drop s3! s2! s1! s0! + ] with each + ] each + t0 t1 t2 t3 ; + +: jump-256 ( s0 s1 s2 s3 -- s0' s1' s2' s3' ) JUMP-256 jump ; +: long-jump-256 ( s0 s1 s2 s3 -- s0' s1' s2' s3' ) LONG-JUMP-256 jump ; + +M: xoshiro-256-star-star random-32* + next-256 ; diff --git a/extra/totp/authors.txt b/extra/totp/authors.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e1955f8e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/totp/authors.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Alexander Ilin diff --git a/extra/totp/summary.txt b/extra/totp/summary.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3e09424de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/totp/summary.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +RFC 6238 Time-Based One-Time Passwords diff --git a/extra/totp/totp-docs.factor b/extra/totp/totp-docs.factor new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..44c01f6440 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/totp/totp-docs.factor @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +! Copyright (C) 2018 Alexander Ilin. +! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license. +USING: byte-arrays calendar checksums checksums.sha help.markup +help.syntax kernel math strings ; +IN: totp + +ABOUT: "totp" + +ARTICLE: "totp" "Time-Based One-Time Passwords" +"The " { $vocab-link "totp" } " vocab implements time-based one-time password generation as described in RFC 6238 (" { $url "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6238" } ")." +$nl +"The idea is that a client is able to prove its identity to a server by sumbmitting a password that is only valid for a short period of time. The password needs to be sent via a secure channel inside that time period, and client and server must have a shared secret established in advance. The TOTP protocol uses the number of whole 30-second intervals passed in Unix time as a counter value, which it authenticates with an HMAC and converts into a string of " { $link digits } ". Client and server must use the same secret key, the same hash for the HMAC, the same time reference point (not necessarily Unix time) and the same time interval length for the counter. The string of digits used as the password should be long enough to balance convenience and brute-force attack resistance. For 30-second intervals 6 or more digits are typically used." +$nl +"Both client and server are able to generate exactly the same digits from the shared secret using their current time as the counter. Server can be programmed to accept values from the adjacent time slots, so that time drift and network delays are compensated for, though that somewhat weakens the system." +$nl +"Simple high-level interface:" +{ $subsections totp-hash totp-digits totp } +"Customizable implementation:" +{ $subsections timestamp>count* totp* digits } +; + +HELP: totp-hash +{ $var-description "A cryptographically secure " { $link checksum } " to be used by " { $link totp } " for the HMAC. See " { $url "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC" } " for more information." +$nl +"Default value is " { $link sha-256 } "." } ; + +HELP: totp-digits +{ $var-description "The number of digits returned by " { $link totp } "." +$nl +"Default value is 6." } ; + +HELP: totp +{ $values + { "key" byte-array } + { "string" string } +} +{ $description "Generate a one-time password for the " { $snippet "key" } " based on the current system time. The " { $snippet "string" } " length is " { $link totp-digits } ", and the hash used for HMAC is " { $link totp-hash } "." } ; + +{ totp totp* } related-words + +HELP: timestamp>count +{ $values + { "timestamp" timestamp } + { "count" byte-array } +} +{ $description "Return the number of 30-second intervals between the Unix time and the " { $snippet "timestamp" } " as an 8-byte " { $link byte-array } "." } ; + +HELP: timestamp>count* +{ $values + { "timestamp" timestamp } { "secs/count" number } + { "count" byte-array } +} +{ $description "Return the number of " { $snippet "secs/count" } "-second intervals between the Unix time and the " { $snippet "timestamp" } " as an 8-byte " { $link byte-array } "." } ; + +{ timestamp>count timestamp>count* } related-words + +HELP: totp* +{ $values + { "count" "a number of time intervals elapsed since a fixed time point" } + { "key" "a secret key shared between the client and the server" } + { "hash" checksum } + { "n" fixnum } +} +{ $description "This is a fully customizable version of " { $link totp } ". To convert a " { $link timestamp } " into the " { $snippet "count" } " value, use " { $link timestamp>count } ". " { $snippet "n" } " is a positive 31-bit integer. To convert the returned value into a string of a predetermined length, use " { $link digits } "." } ; + +HELP: digits +{ $values + { "n" number } { "digits" number } + { "string" string } +} +{ $description "Convert integer " { $snippet "n" } " into a decimal string of length " { $snippet "digits" } ", padding with zeroes on the left if necessary. If the string representation of " { $snippet "n" } " is longer than " { $snippet "digits" } ", return the rightmost part of the requested length." } ; diff --git a/extra/totp/totp-tests.factor b/extra/totp/totp-tests.factor new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cde32f9365 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/totp/totp-tests.factor @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +! Copyright (C) 2018 Alexander Ilin. +! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license. +USING: calendar checksums.sha tools.test totp ; +IN: totp.tests + +CONSTANT: sha1-seed B{ + 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 +} +CONSTANT: sha256-seed B{ + 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 + 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 49 50 +} +CONSTANT: sha512-seed B{ + 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 + 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 + 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 48 + 49 50 51 52 +} + +: test-time ( n -- totp-time ) + seconds unix-1970 time+ timestamp>count ; + +{ "94287082" } [ 59 test-time sha1-seed sha1 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +{ "46119246" } [ 59 test-time sha256-seed sha-256 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +! { "90693936" } [ 59 test-time sha512-seed sha-512 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test + +{ "07081804" } [ 1111111109 test-time sha1-seed sha1 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +{ "68084774" } [ 1111111109 test-time sha256-seed sha-256 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +! { "25091201" } [ 1111111109 test-time sha512-seed sha-512 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test + +{ "14050471" } [ 1111111111 test-time sha1-seed sha1 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +{ "67062674" } [ 1111111111 test-time sha256-seed sha-256 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +! { "99943326" } [ 1111111111 test-time sha512-seed sha-512 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test + +{ "89005924" } [ 1234567890 test-time sha1-seed sha1 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +{ "91819424" } [ 1234567890 test-time sha256-seed sha-256 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +! { "93441116" } [ 1234567890 test-time sha512-seed sha-512 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test + +{ "69279037" } [ 2000000000 test-time sha1-seed sha1 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +{ "90698825" } [ 2000000000 test-time sha256-seed sha-256 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +! { "38618901" } [ 2000000000 test-time sha512-seed sha-512 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test + +{ "65353130" } [ 20000000000 test-time sha1-seed sha1 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +{ "77737706" } [ 20000000000 test-time sha256-seed sha-256 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test +! { "47863826" } [ 20000000000 test-time sha512-seed sha-512 totp* 8 digits ] unit-test diff --git a/extra/totp/totp.factor b/extra/totp/totp.factor new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6e00a2dadc --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/totp/totp.factor @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +! Copyright (C) 2018 Alexander Ilin. +! See http://factorcode.org/license.txt for BSD license. +USING: calendar checksums.hmac checksums.sha io.binary kernel +math math.bitwise math.parser namespaces sequences ; +IN: totp + +SYMBOLS: totp-hash totp-digits ; +totp-hash [ sha-256 ] initialize +totp-digits [ 6 ] initialize + + be> 31 clear-bit ; + +PRIVATE> + +: timestamp>count* ( timestamp secs/count -- count ) + [ timestamp>unix-time ] dip /i 8 >be ; inline + +: timestamp>count ( timestamp -- count ) + 30 timestamp>count* ; + +: totp* ( count key hash -- n ) + hmac-bytes totp-value ; + +: digits ( n digits -- string ) + [ number>string ] dip [ CHAR: 0 pad-head ] keep tail* ; + +: totp ( key -- string ) + now timestamp>count swap totp-hash get totp* totp-digits get digits ; diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/README b/extra/zoneinfo/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efe7a17f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/extra/zoneinfo/README @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +README for the tz distribution + +"What time is it?" -- Richard Deacon as The King +"Any time you want it to be." -- Frank Baxter as The Scientist + (from the Bell System film "About Time") + +The Time Zone Database (called tz, tzdb or zoneinfo) contains code and +data that represent the history of local time for many representative +locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect +changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets, +and daylight-saving rules. + +See or the +file tz-link.html for how to acquire the code and data. Once acquired, +read the comments in the file 'Makefile' and make any changes needed +to make things right for your system, especially if you are using some +platform other than GNU/Linux. Then run the following commands, +substituting your desired installation directory for "$HOME/tzdir": + + make TOPDIR=$HOME/tzdir install + $HOME/tzdir/usr/bin/zdump -v America/Los_Angeles + +This database of historical local time information has several goals: + + * Provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time that + is useful even if not 100% accurate. + + * Give an idea of the variety of local time rules that have existed + in the past and thus may be expected in the future. + + * Test the generality of the local time rule description system. + +The information in the time zone data files is by no means authoritative; +fixes and enhancements are welcome. Please see the file CONTRIBUTING +for details. + +Thanks to these Time Zone Caballeros who've made major contributions to the +time conversion package: Keith Bostic; Bob Devine; Paul Eggert; Robert Elz; +Guy Harris; Mark Horton; John Mackin; and Bradley White. Thanks also to +Michael Bloom, Art Neilson, Stephen Prince, John Sovereign, and Frank Wales +for testing work, and to Gwillim Law for checking local mean time data. +Thanks in particular to Arthur David Olson, the project's founder and first +maintainer, to whom the time zone community owes the greatest debt of all. +None of them are responsible for remaining errors. + +----- + +This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by +Arthur David Olson. The other files in this distribution are either +public domain or BSD licensed; see the file LICENSE for details. diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/africa b/extra/zoneinfo/africa index 5f4f8ebc50..a83c3875ee 100644 --- a/extra/zoneinfo/africa +++ b/extra/zoneinfo/africa @@ -1,71 +1,67 @@ -# 
+# tzdb data for Africa and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
 #
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
+# European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
+# For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
-# for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
-# but Mark R V Murray reports that
-# `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
-# `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
-# `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
-# the area that includes Nigeria is ``West Africa''.
-# He has heard of ``Western Sahara Time'' for +0:00 but can find no reference.
+# for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
+# but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
+# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
+# 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
+# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
+# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
 #
-# To make things confusing, `WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
-# I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
-# and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
-# This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
-# mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
+# To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
+#	 +00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
+#	 +02	CAT	Central Africa Time
+#	 +02	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
+# and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
+#	 +01	WAT	West Africa Time
+# Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
+# I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
+# cannot now come up with solid citations.
 #
-# To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
-#	-1:00	WAT	West Africa Time (no longer used)
-#	 0:00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
-#	 2:00	CAT	Central Africa Time
-#	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
-# and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
-#	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time
-# I realize that this leads to `WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
-# for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
-# until we get more information.
-#
-# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
-#	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
-#	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)
-#	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
-#	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
-#	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
-#	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
-#	 4:00	EAST	East Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
+# I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
+#	 +02	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	EAT	East Africa Time
+# 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
+# the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
+# they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
+# Corrections are welcome.
 
 # Algeria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -94,9 +90,9 @@ Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25 2:00
+Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
 			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
 			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
@@ -106,92 +102,70 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
 			1:00	-	CET
 
 # Angola
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
-			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time
-			1:00	-	WAT
-
 # Benin
-# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912
-			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Botswana
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
-# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
-			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Burkina Faso
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Burundi
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Cameroon
-# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
-# Cape Verde
+# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
+# For now, ignore that and follow the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon).
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907			# Praia
-			-2:00	-	CVT	1942 Sep
-			-2:00	1:00	CVST	1945 Oct 15
-			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25 2:00
-			-1:00	-	CVT
+Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1912 Jan 01  2:00u # Praia
+			-2:00	-	-02	1942 Sep
+			-2:00	1:00	-01	1945 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	-02	1975 Nov 25  2:00
+			-1:00	-	-01
 
 # Central African Republic
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Chad
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912
+Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
 			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
 			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Comoros
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul   # Moroni, Gran Comoro
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
-# Democratic Republic of Congo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
-			1:00	-	WAT
-Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo
+# See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
 
 # Republic of the Congo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
-# Cote D'Ivoire
+# Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 
 # Djibouti
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -231,30 +205,26 @@ Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
 #
 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
-# 
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
-# 
 # or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
-# 
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
-Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
-Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
@@ -288,15 +258,9 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 #
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
-# [1] 
-# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
-# 
-# [2] 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
-# 
-# [3] 
-# http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
-# 
+# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
+# [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
@@ -306,14 +270,10 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
 #
 # The Middle East News Agency
-# 
-# http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
-# 
+# https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
@@ -321,116 +281,193 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # (at least today).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
-# According to News from Egypt -  Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
+# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
 # Ramadan.
 #
 # Arabic translation:
-# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan--and then forward again"
-# 
+# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
-# 
 
-Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	10	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
+# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
+# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
+
+# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
+# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
+
+# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
+# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
+# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
+# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
+# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
+# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
+# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
+# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
+# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
+# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
+# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
+# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
+# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
+# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
+# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
+# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
+# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
+# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
+# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
+# Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
+# dates not yet announced....
+# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
+
+# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
+# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
+# least for 2015.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
+# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
+# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
+# practice altogether in future years."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
+# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
+# decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
+# Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
+# From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
+# Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
+
+Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
-			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Eritrea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
-			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890	      # Asmara Mean Time
-			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
-			3:00	-	EAT
-
 # Ethiopia
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time zones
-# between 1870 and 1890, and that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in 1890.
-# We'll guess that 38E50 is for Adis Dera.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
-			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+#
+# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
+# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
+# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time.  See:
+# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
+# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
+# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
 
 # Gabon
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
-			1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Gambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935	# Banjul Mean Time
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Ghana
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-30):
+# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942 with 20 minutes of DST,
+# with transitions on 09-01 and 12-31 at 00:00.
+# Page 33 of Parish GCB, Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 1066. Gold
+# Coast. Report for 1919. (March 1921), OCLC 784024077
+# http://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1919/5530214_1919_opt.pdf
+# lists the Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919, No. 18,
+# "to advance the time observed locally by the space of twenty minutes
+# during the last four months of each year; the object in view being
+# to extend during those months the period of daylight-time available
+# for evening recreation after office hours."
+# Vanessa Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950 (2015), p 33,
+# writes "In 1919, the Gold Coast (Ghana as of 1957) made Greenwich
+# time its legal time and simultaneously legalized a summer time of
+# UTC - 00:20 minutes from March to October."; a footnote lists
+# the ordinance as being dated 1919-11-24.
+# The Crown Colonist, Volume 12 (1942), p 176, says "the Government
+# intend advancing Gold Coast time half an hour ahead of G.M.T.
+# The actual date of the alteration has not yet been announced."
+# These sources are incomplete and contradictory.  Possibly what is
+# now Ghana observed different DST regimes in different years.  For
+# lack of better info, use Shanks except treat the minus sign as a
+# typo, and assume DST started in 1920 not 1936.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to ``the present'';
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
-Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	-
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
-			 0:00	Ghana	%s
+			 0:00	Ghana	GMT/+0020
 
 # Guinea
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1975
+Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
+			-1:00	-	-01	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Kenya
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
+			2:30	-	+0230	1940
+			2:45	-	+0245	1960
 			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa	 # Ethiopia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara	 # Eritrea
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala	 # Uganda
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu	 # Somalia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo	 # Madagascar
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 
 # Lesotho
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
-			2:00	-	SAST
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Liberia
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
-# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
-# Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
-# Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
-# Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
+#
+# The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
+#
+# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
+# that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.  The 1972 change was on
+# 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
+# Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
+# President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
+# Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
+#
+# Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
+# abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
-			-0:44:30 -	LRT	1972 May # Liberia Time
+			-0:44:30 -	MMT	1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -439,11 +476,11 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 
 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
-# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 #
 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
-# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
@@ -451,6 +488,14 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
 
+# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
+# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
+# cancelled yesterday....
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -467,45 +512,30 @@ Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Libya	2013	max	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	2013	max	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
 # The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
-# the IATA SSIM data contain some obvious errors.
+# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10 2:00
-			1:00	Libya	CE%sT
+			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
+			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
-			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Malawi
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Mali
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
-			 0:00	-	GMT
-
 # Mauritania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Mauritius
 
@@ -514,7 +544,7 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # basis....
 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
@@ -529,9 +559,7 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
 # According to
-# 
 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
-# 
 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
@@ -546,22 +574,17 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
 # Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
-# time:  Energy conservation?"-# No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
+# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
 #
 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
-# de l'heure d'ete" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
-# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one.
-# ...
-# 
+# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
+# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
-# 
 
 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
-# 
 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
 #
 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
@@ -571,33 +594,25 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
-# year 2008 - 2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
+# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
 # and end on 29 March 2009.
 
 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
-# 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
 # DST the coming summer...
 #
 # Some sources, in French:
-# 
 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
-# 
-# 
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
@@ -605,23 +620,21 @@ Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
-Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907		# Port Louis
-			4:00 Mauritius	MU%sT	# Mauritius Time
+Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
+			4:00 Mauritius	+04/+05
 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 
 # Mayotte
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Morocco
-# See the `europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
+# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
@@ -629,69 +642,44 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 #
 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
-# Communication Minister and Gov ernment Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
+# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
-# 
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
-# 
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe Presse:
-# 
+# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
+# Presse:
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
-# 
 #
 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
 # spokesman.
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
-# 
-# http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
-# 
-# (and republished here:
-# 
-# http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html
-# 
-# )
-# the changes occurs at midnight:
+# https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
+# (and republished here: )
+# the changes occur at midnight:
 #
-# saturday night may 31st at midnight (which in french is to be
-# intrepreted as the night between saturday and sunday)
-# sunday night the 28th  at midnight
+# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
+# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
+# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
 #
-# Seeing that the 28th is monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
-# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between sunday and
-# monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
-# june1st to sept 27th.
+# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
+# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
+# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
+# June 1st to Sept 27th.
 #
 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
 # published on the web.
 #
 # It's also confirmed here:
-# 
 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
-# 
-# on a government portal as being  between june 1st and sept 27th (not yet
-# posted in english).
+# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
+# posted in English).
 #
-# The following google query will generate many relevant hits:
-# 
-# http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
-# 
-
-# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
-# Is Western Sahara (part which administrated by Morocco) going to follow
-# Morocco DST changes?  Any information?  What about other part of
-# Western Sahara - under administration of POLISARIO Front (also named
-# SADR Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic)?
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-09):
-# XXX--guess that it is only Morocco for now; guess only 2008 for now.
+# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
+# https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
@@ -699,47 +687,32 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # of September:
 #
 # One article about it (in French):
-# 
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
-# 
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
 # to many sources, such as
-# 
 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
-# 
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
-# Ministere de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
+# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
 #
-# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 june 1967)
+# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
@@ -747,51 +720,33 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
 #
 # Example:
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
-# 
 # (French)
 # Our page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
-# The 3rd april 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd april 1:00:00
-# The 31th july 2011 at 00:59:59,  [it] will be 31th July 00:00:00
+# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
+# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
 # ...Official links of change in morocco
 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
 # +212.537.71.84.00
-# 
 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
-# 
 # They said that
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
-# 
 # is the official publication to look at.
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
-# 
-# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-lev
-# 
-# e.html
-# 
+# https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
-# anche-prochain-5538.html
-# 
 
 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
 # They have it written in English here:
-# 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
-# 
 #
 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
@@ -799,20 +754,16 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # also been like that in the past.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
-# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
-# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
-# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
-# 
+# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
+# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
+# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
-# 
 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
 # except the month of Ramadan.
 # or (brief)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
 # The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
@@ -823,17 +774,13 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 
 # From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
 # Seen Morocco change again:
-# 
 # http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
-# 
-# "...à partir du dernier dimance d'avril et non fins mars,
-# comme annoncé précédemment."
+# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
+# comme annoncé précédemment."
 
 # From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
 # The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
-# 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
-# 
 #
 # Google translation, lightly edited:
 # Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
@@ -851,105 +798,233 @@ Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 # announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
 # announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
 # 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
-# .
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
+
+# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
+# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
+# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
+# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
+# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
+# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
+# source (French):
+# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
+# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
+# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
+
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
+# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
+# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
+# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
+
+# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
+# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
+# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
+# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
+# 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
+# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
+# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
+# Source (french):
+# https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
 #
-# To estimate what the Moroccan government will do in future years,
-# transition dates for 2013 through 2021 were determined by running
-# the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3:
+# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
 #
-# (let ((islamic-year 1434))
-#   (while (< islamic-year 1444)
-#     (let ((a
-#	     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
-#	      (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year))))
-#	    (b
-#	     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
-#	      (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))))
-#	(insert
-#	 (format
-#	  (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t %2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
-#		  "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t %2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
-#	  (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
-#	  (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
+# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
+# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
+# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
+#  agrees
+# with the patch.
+
+# From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
+# Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
+# of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
+# From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
+# http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
+#
+# From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
+# We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
+# the week end after....  The government does not announce yet the decision
+# about this temporary change.  But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
+# as in previous years.  An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
+# that 64% of asked peopke are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
+# https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-01):
+# For now, guess that Morocco will fall back at 03:00 the last Sunday
+# before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the first Sunday after
+# Ramadan, as this has been the practice since 2012.  To implement this,
+# transition dates for 2019 through 2037 were determined by running the
+# following program under GNU Emacs 26.1.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1440))
+#   (require 'cal-islam)
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (sunday 0))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t-1:00\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t0\t-\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
 #     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
-#
-# with the results hand-edited for 2020-2022, when the normal spring-forward
-# date falls during the estimated Ramadan.
-#
-# From 2023 through 2038 Ramadan is not predicted to overlap with
-# daylight saving time.  Starting in 2039 there will be overlap again,
-# but 32-bit time_t values roll around in 2038 so for now do not worry
-# about dates after 2038.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-
-Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	 21	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	 31	 0	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	2019	-	Apr	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2012	max	-	Sep	 lastSun 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	 20	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	 20	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	  9	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	  8	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	 29	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jul	 29	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	 18	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	 18	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	  7	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	  7	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	 27	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jun	 26	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	 16	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	 15	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	  6	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	  5	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	 24	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	 13	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	  3	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2023	max	-	Apr	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	2018	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2018	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	24	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Feb	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Mar	22	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Feb	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Mar	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Jan	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Jan	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Jan	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Jan	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Nov	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Dec	25	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Nov	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Dec	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
-			 1:00	-	CET	1986
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	+01	1986
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
+
 # Western Sahara
-Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1976 Apr 14
-			 0:00	-	WET
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
+# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
+# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
+# Morocco does.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
+# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
+# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
+
+Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
+			-1:00	-	-01	1976 Apr 14
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
 
 # Mozambique
+#
+# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre	# Malawi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura	# Burundi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone	# Botswana
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare	# Zimbabwe
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
+
 
 # Namibia
-# The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 
-# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30) in
-# :
+# From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
+# The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
+# www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
+# and includes this nugget:
+# Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
+# first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
+# commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
+# Sunday 4 September 1994.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
+# ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
+# (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...
+
+# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
+# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
@@ -957,43 +1032,87 @@ Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 # of the country.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
-# Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
-# we have no details.  In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
+# Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
+# observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
+# In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
+# See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
+# https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
+# Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# This video is from the government decision:
+# https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
+# We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
+# the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
+# Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
+# However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST.  See, e.g.:
+# http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
+# https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
+# with Namibia's neighbors.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
+Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
+Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	-1:00	WAT
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	WAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	CAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	WAT
+# End of rearguard section.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
-			1:30	-	SWAT	1903 Mar	# SW Africa Time
-			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20 2:00
-			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21 2:00
+			1:30	-	+0130	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
-			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Apr  3
-			1:00	Namibia	WA%sT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			2:00	Namibia	%s
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Mar 21  0:00
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
+# The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24.  See:
+# http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
+#			1:00	Namibia	%s	2017 Oct 24
+#			2:00	-	CAT
+# End of rearguard section.
 
 # Niger
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1934 Feb 26
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
-			 1:00	-	WAT
+# See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Nigeria
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
 			1:00	-	WAT
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui	     # Central African Republic
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala	     # Cameroon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda	     # Angola
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo	     # Equatorial Guinea
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey	     # Niger
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
 
-# Reunion
+# Réunion
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
-			4:00	-	RET	# Reunion Time
+Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
+			4:00	-	+04
 #
-# Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
+# Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
-# Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
-# no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# Îles Éparses (, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
@@ -1003,38 +1122,40 @@ Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # St Helena
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
-			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951	# Jamestown Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
-#	Ascension: on GMT, says usno1995 and the CIA
+#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
 #	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
 #		on GMT, says the CIA
-#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: no information, but probably GMT
+#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
+
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
+
+# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
+# Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
+# they entered the year 2018.
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
+# the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
+# http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
 
-# Sao Tome and Principe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912	# Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	-	GMT	2018 Jan  1 01:00
+			 1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Senegal
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
-			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
-			 0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Seychelles
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
-			4:00	-	SCT	# Seychelles Time
+Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun # Victoria
+			4:00	-	+04
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
@@ -1043,24 +1164,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
-Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
-Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
-			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
-			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
-			 0:00	SL	%s
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Somalia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
-			3:00	-	EAT	1931
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1957
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # South Africa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1070,19 +1177,32 @@ Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Swaziland
+#
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
 # scientific station since 1947
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
-#
-# From 
-# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13)
-# , also reported by Michael De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+
+# From 
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
+# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
+
+# From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
+# ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
+# to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
+# year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
+# Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
@@ -1091,34 +1211,28 @@ Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+			3:00	-	EAT	2017 Nov  1
+			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # South Sudan
-Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:24 -	LMT	1931
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Swaziland
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	SAST
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Tanzania
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
-			3:00	-	EAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Togo
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
-			0:00	-	GMT
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Tunisia
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
-# My correspondent, Risto Nykanen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
+# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
 # this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
 # , in a story attributed to AP
 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
@@ -1127,8 +1241,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # Saturday."  (My translation)
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
-# LaPresse, the first national daily newspaper ...
-# 
+# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
+# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
 # 1h standard time.
 #
@@ -1141,18 +1255,12 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
-# 
-# 
-# http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
-# 
+# https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
@@ -1160,20 +1268,17 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
 #
 # (in English)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
-# 
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
-# 
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009--3-18):
-# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is due to the fact
-# that the fasting month of ramadan coincides with the period concerned by summer time.
-# Therefore, the standard time will be kept unchanged the whole year long."
-# So foregoing DST seems to be an exception (albeit one that may be repeated in the  future).
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
+# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
+# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
+# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
+# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
+# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
@@ -1185,12 +1290,8 @@ Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
-# 
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1225,23 +1326,12 @@ Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
 
 # Uganda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
-			3:00	-	EAT	1930
-			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
-			3:00	-	EAT
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Zambia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
-
 # Zimbabwe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
-			2:00	-	CAT
+# See Africa/Maputo.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica b/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica
index d55924bddf..1dd9b004f7 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/antarctica
@@ -1,101 +1,35 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Antarctica and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
-# 
 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
-# 
+# http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/
 # and
-# 
 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
-# 
+# http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm
 # for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
-#
-# Except for the French entries,
-# I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
-# FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-# N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
-# which is used below in specifying the transition.
-Rule	ChileAQ	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-
-# These rules are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	AusAQ	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# FORMAT is '-00' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
 # Argentina - year-round bases
 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
-# Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
-# Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
-# Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
-# San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
+# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
 #	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 
 # Australia - territories
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
-#	
 #	Margaret Turner reports
-#	 (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	https://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UT +05, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
@@ -112,20 +46,13 @@ Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 #
 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
-# 
 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
-# 
 #
 # We have more background information here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
-# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
-# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
-# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
-# on 4 April.
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
 #
 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
@@ -136,115 +63,117 @@ Rule	ATAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 #
 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 #
-# In addition to the Rule changes for Casey/Davis, it means that Macquarie
-# will no longer be like Hobart and will have to have its own Zone created.
-#
 # Background:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-10-28):
+# Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time
+# zone to UTC+11 in "the morning of 22nd October 2016".
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969
-			8:00	-	WST	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Western (Aus) Standard Time
-			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar 5 2:00
-						# Casey Time
-			8:00	-	WST	2011 Oct 28 2:00
-			11:00	-	CAST	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
-			8:00	-	WST
-Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13
-			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
-			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb
-			7:00	-	DAVT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-			5:00	-	DAVT	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
-			7:00	-	DAVT	2011 Oct 28 2:00
-			5:00	-	DAVT	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
-			7:00	-	DAVT
-Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
-			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
-						# Mawson Time
-			5:00	-	MAWT
-Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1911
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	AusAQ	EST	1967
-			10:00	ATAQ	EST	2010 Apr 4 3:00
-			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie Island Time
+Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	-00	1969
+			8:00	-	+08	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2010 Mar  5  2:00
+			8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
+			8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
+			11:00	-	+11	2018 Mar 11  4:00
+			8:00	-	+08
+Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
+			7:00	-	+07	1964 Nov
+			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
+			7:00	-	+07	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
+			7:00	-	+07	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
+			7:00	-	+07
+Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	-00	1954 Feb 13
+			6:00	-	+06	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
 # References:
-# 
 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html
 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
-# 
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html
 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
-# 
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html
+
+# Belgium - year-round base
+# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007
 
 # Brazil - year-round base
-# Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+
+# Bulgaria - year-round base
+# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988
 
 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
-# Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
-# General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
-# Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
+# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
-# These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
+# These locations employ Region of Magallanes time; use
+# TZ='America/Punta_Arenas'.
 
 # China - year-round bases
 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 
-# France - year-round bases
+# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
-# Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
+# Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
-# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
-# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
+# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
+# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
 # from Tasmania.
 #
 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 #
-# Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
-# Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
-# Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
+# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
+#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
+#	see Indian/Reunion.
+#
+# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
+# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 #	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 #
 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
 #	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
-			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	-00	1950 # Port-aux-Français
+			5:00	-	+05
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
-# Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+#  (2005-12-05)
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
-			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
-			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
-			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
-# Reference:
-# 
-# Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
-# 
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
+			10:00	-	+10	1952 Jan 14
+			0	-	-00	1956 Nov
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+# France & Italy - year-round base
+# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
 
 # Germany - year-round base
-# Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
+# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009
 
-# India - year-round base
-# Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
+# India - year-round bases
+# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
+# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989
+
+# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
+# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986
 
 # Japan - year-round bases
-# Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
-# Syowa, -690022+0393524
+# Syowa (also known as Showa), -690022+0393524, since 1957
 #
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
@@ -253,14 +182,14 @@ Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 # was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
 # station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
-			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	+03
 # See:
-# 
 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
-# 
+# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
+# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 
 # New Zealand - claims
@@ -268,29 +197,50 @@ Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 #
 # year-round base
-# Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.
-#
-# These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NZAQ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
 
 # Norway - territories
 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
 #
 # claims
 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tz 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	+01
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	+02
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	+01
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	+00
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	+00
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	-00	2005 Feb 12
+			0:00	Troll	%s
 
 # Poland - year-round base
 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 
+# Romania - year-bound base
+# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986
+
 # Russia - year-round bases
 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
@@ -300,37 +250,40 @@ Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 #	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 
 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
-# 
-# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 #
 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 # what they had to say about time there:
-# ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
-# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
-# in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
+# in person.  He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
 # happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
-# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
+# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess +06.
 #
-Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
-			6:00	-	VOST	# Vostok time
+Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	-00	1957 Dec 16
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 # S Africa - year-round bases
 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
-# Sanae, -7141-00250
+# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997
 
-# UK
+# Ukraine - year-round base
+# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954
+
+# United Kingdom
 #
 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 # South Orkney Islands
@@ -353,8 +306,8 @@ Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
 #  says Rothera is -03 all year.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
-			-3:00	-	ROTT	# Rothera time
+Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	-00	1976 Dec  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Uruguay - year round base
 # Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
@@ -362,31 +315,10 @@ Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
 # USA - year-round bases
 #
 # Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+# See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, since it uses South American DST.
 #
-# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
-# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
-# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
-# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
-# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
-# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
-#
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
-			-4:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
-			-3:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1982 May
-			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT
-#
-#
-# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
-			12:00	NZAQ	NZ%sT
-#
-# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
-# larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
+# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 #
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
@@ -394,7 +326,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
-# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
+# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 Degrees South.)
 #
 # From Susan Smith
 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
@@ -408,4 +340,4 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956
 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 #
-Link	Antarctica/McMurdo	Antarctica/South_Pole
+# See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/asia b/extra/zoneinfo/asia
index 1f09fa35a5..31652031a7 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/asia
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/asia
@@ -1,91 +1,93 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Asia and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
 #
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
+# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
-# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
-# Corrections are welcome!
+# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
+# (corrections are welcome):
 #	     std  dst
 #	     LMT	Local Mean Time
 #	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
 #	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
-#	3:00 AST  ADT	Arabia*
-#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran
-#	4:00 GST	Gulf*
 #	5:30 IST	India
-#	7:00 ICT	Indochina*
-#	7:00 WIT	west Indonesia
-#	8:00 CIT	central Indonesia
+#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
 #	8:00 CST	China
-#	9:00 CJT	Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
-#	9:00 EIT	east Indonesia
+#	8:00 PST  PDT*	Philippine Standard Time
+#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830
+#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
 #	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
-#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea
-#	9:30 CST	(Australian) Central Standard Time
+#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
+#	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time
+# *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
+# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
+# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
+# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
+# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
 
 # From Guy Harris:
 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
-# Worldwide Edition).  The names for time zones are guesses.
+# Worldwide Edition).
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
-Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	23:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # Afghanistan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
-			4:00	-	AFT	1945
-			4:30	-	AFT
+			4:00	-	+04	1945
+			4:30	-	+0430
 
 # Armenia
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -112,38 +114,46 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 # or
 # (brief)
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24 2:00s
-			4:00	-	AMT	1997
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	2012 Mar 25 2:00s
-			4:00	-	AMT
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
+			4:00	-	+04	1997
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2011
+			4:00	Armenia	+04/+05
 
 # Azerbaijan
+
 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
-# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
+# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
+# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
+# daylight saving time....
+# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
+# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
+# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
-			4:00	-	AZT	1996 # Azerbaijan time
-			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997
-			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
+			4:00	-	+04	1996
+			4:00	EUAsia	+04/+05	1997
+			4:00	Azer	+04/+05
 
 # Bahrain
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
-			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Qatar.
 
 # Bangladesh
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
@@ -151,13 +161,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 #
 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
-# 
 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
-# 
 #
 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 # June
@@ -172,17 +177,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 #
 # Some sources:
-# 
-# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
-# 
-# 
+# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
-# 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 
 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
@@ -197,13 +196,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 #
 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
@@ -212,22 +206,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 #
 # One of many places where it is published:
-# 
 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 #
 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
-# 
-# and
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
-# 
 #
 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
@@ -237,33 +224,27 @@ Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Al Manamah
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
-# 
 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	23:59	0	-
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
 			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
-			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
-			6:30	-	BURT	1951 Sep 30
-			6:00	-	DACT	1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
-			6:00	-	BDT	2009
-			6:00	Dhaka	BD%sT
+			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May 15
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
+			6:30	-	+0630	1951 Sep 30
+			6:00	-	+06	2009
+			6:00	Dhaka	+06/+07
 
 # Bhutan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
-			5:30	-	IST	1987 Oct
-			6:00	-	BTT	# Bhutan Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1987 Oct
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
@@ -273,48 +254,73 @@ Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
-			5:00	-	IOT	1996 # BIOT Time
-			6:00	-	IOT
+			5:00	-	+05	1996
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 # Brunei
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar   # Bandar Seri Begawan
-			7:30	-	BNT	1933
-			8:00	-	BNT
+Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
+			7:30	-	+0730	1933
+			8:00	-	+08
 
 # Burma / Myanmar
 
 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
+# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
+# of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
+# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880		# or Yangon
-			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920	   # Rangoon Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May   # Burma Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 May 3
-			6:30	-	MMT		   # Myanmar Time
+Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
+			6:24:47	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon local time
+			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 May  3
+			6:30	-	+0630
 
 # Cambodia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
 
 # China
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
+# The following comes from Table 1 of:
+# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
+# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
+# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
+# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
+# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Nov	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1942	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1945	only	-	Sep	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Oct	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan
+
 # From Guy Harris:
 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
-# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
-# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 #
 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
-# painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
+# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 #
 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
@@ -324,31 +330,47 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that China (except for Hong Kong and Macau)
-# has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1, observing summer DST
-# from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
-# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger for now.  I made up names for the other
-# pre-1980 time zones.
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+
+# From P Chan (2018-05-07):
+# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
+# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
+# Government notices about summer time:
+#
+# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
+# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
+# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
+#
+# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
+# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
+#
+# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
+# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
+# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
+#
+# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
+# (To suspend summer time from 1992)
+#
+# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
+# to begin on 17 April.
+# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	0:00	0	S
-Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
-# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
+# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
@@ -357,65 +379,96 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
-# I just now checked Google News for western news sources that talk
-# about China's single time zone, and couldn't find anything before 1986
-# talking about China being in one time zone.  (That article was: Jim
-# Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
-# time--sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05.  By the way, this
-# article confirms the tz database's data claiming that China began
-# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 #
-# From Thomas S. Mullaney (2008-02-11):
-# I think you're combining two subjects that need to treated
-# separately: daylight savings (which, you're correct, wasn't
-# implemented until the 1980s) and the unified time zone centered near
-# Beijing (which was implemented in 1949). Briefly, there was also a
-# "Lhasa Time" in Tibet and "Urumqi Time" in Xinjiang. The first was
-# ceased, and the second eventually recognized (again, in the 1980s).
+# (1)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# There seems to be a good chance China switched to a single time zone in 1949
-# rather than in 1980 as Shanks & Pottenger have it, but we don't have a
-# reliable documentary source saying so yet, so for now we still go with
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+#     the official calendar book of 1914.
+#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
+#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+#     became used by railways as well.
+#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
+#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
+#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+#     Japanese-occupied territory.
+#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
+#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
-Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928 # or Haerbin
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
-			8:00	-	CST	1940
-			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
-			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
 # most of China
-# Milne gives 8:05:56.7; round to nearest.
-Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:57	-	LMT	1928
-			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
-# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
-Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chungking
-			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
+# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
+# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
+# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
-# east Xinjiang, including Urumqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
-Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
-			6:00	-	URUT	1980 May # Urumqi Time
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-# Kunlun Time
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
+# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
@@ -430,11 +483,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 #
 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
-# hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
+# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
-# local governments such as the Urumqi city government use both times in
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
-# "Urumqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 #
 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
@@ -446,21 +499,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
-#
-# ...an example of an official website using of Urumqi time.
-#
-# The first few lines of the Google translation of
-# 
-# http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39
-# 
-# (retrieved 2009-10-13)
-# > Urumqi fire seven people are missing the alleged losses of at least
-# > 500 million yuan
-# >
-# > (Reporter Dong Liu) the day before 20:20 or so (Urumqi Time 18:20),
-# > Urumqi City Department of International Plaza Luther Qiantang River
-# > burst fire. As of yesterday, 18:30, Urumqi City Fire officers and men
-# > have worked continuously for 22 hours...
 
 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
@@ -471,7 +509,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # 3. Urumqi...
 # 4. Kashgar...
 # ...
-# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Urumqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 #
@@ -483,10 +521,55 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 
-Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
-			5:30	-	KAST	1940	 # Kashgar Time
-			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
+# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+#  (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# +08 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 
 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
@@ -501,18 +584,84 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 # obtained from
-# 
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# .
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# According to Singaporean newspaper
+# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
+# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
+# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
+# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
+# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
+# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
+# 
+# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
+# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
+# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+#
+# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
+# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
+# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
+# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
+# page 4 
+# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
+# ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
+# of broadcasting the new local time.
+#
+# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
+# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
+# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
+# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
+# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# See  for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
+# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
+# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
+# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
+# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
+# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
+# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
+# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
+# before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
+# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
+# period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
+# same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
+# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
+# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
+# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
+# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
+# captured by Japan.
+#
+# Image of related sections on newspaper:
+# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
+#   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
+# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
+#   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
+# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
+# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
+# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
+# Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
+# over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
+# be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 # Here are the dates given at
-# 
-# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# 
-# as of 2009-10-28:
+# https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+# as of 2014-06-19:
 # Year        Period
-# 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
+# 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
 # 1942        Whole year
 # 1943        Whole year
 # 1944        Whole year
@@ -523,7 +672,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
-# 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
+# 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
@@ -552,25 +701,25 @@ Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 # 1978        Nil
 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 # 1980 to Now Nil
-# The page does not give start or end times of day.
-# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
-# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
-# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
-# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
-# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
+# The page does not give times of day for transitions,
+# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
+# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
+# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
+# Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
+# in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
+# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
+# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
+# transition times.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Apr	1	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Sep	30	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	20	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1948	1951	-	Oct	lastSun	3:30	0	-
-Rule	HK	1952	only	-	Oct	25	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1952	1953	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	HK	1953	only	-	Nov	1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1954	only	-	Oct	31	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1955	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
@@ -580,44 +729,124 @@ Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
-			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1941 Dec 25
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 15
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30  0:36:42
+			8:00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:30
+			8:00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
+			8:30	-	HKT	1941 Dec 25
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 16
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Taiwan
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
-# was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
-# have any other information.
-
 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
-# According to Taiwan's CWB,
-# 
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
-# 
 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2010-04-07):
-# Here's Google's translation of the table at the bottom of the "summert.htm" page:
-# Decade 	                                                    Name                      Start and end date
-# Republic of China 34 years to 40 years (AD 1945-1951 years) Summer Time               May 1 to September 30
-# 41 years of the Republic of China (AD 1952)                 Daylight Saving Time      March 1 to October 31
-# Republic of China 42 years to 43 years (AD 1953-1954 years) Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to October 31
-# In the 44 years to 45 years (AD 1955-1956 years)            Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 46 years to 48 years (AD 1957-1959)       Summer Time               April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 49 years to 50 years (AD 1960-1961)       Summer Time               June 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 51 years to 62 years (AD 1962-1973 years) Stop Summer Time
-# Republic of China 63 years to 64 years (1974-1975 AD)       Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China 65 years to 67 years (1976-1978 AD)       Stop Daylight Saving Time
-# Republic of China 68 years (AD 1979)                        Daylight Saving Time      July 1 to September 30
-# Republic of China since 69 years (AD 1980)                  Stop Daylight Saving Time
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
+# back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1945	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -625,41 +854,176 @@ Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	CST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
+#
+# From P Chan (2018-05-10):
+# * LegisMac
+#   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
+#   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
+#   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
+#   searching decrees about summer time.
+# * Archives of Macao
+#   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
+#   It contains images of old official gazettes.
+# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
+#   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
+#   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
+# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
+# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
+# +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
+# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
+# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
+#
+# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
+#
+# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
+# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
+#	DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
+#	DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
+#	DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
+#	PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
+#	PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
+#	PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
+#	PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
+#	PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
+#	PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
+#	PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
+#	PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
+#	PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
+#	PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
+#	PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
+#	PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
+#	PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
+#	PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
+#	PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
+#	PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
+#	PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
+#	PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
+#	PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
+#	PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
+#	PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
+#	PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
+#	PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
+#	PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
+#	PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
+#	PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
+#	PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
+#	PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
+#	PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
+#	PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
+#	PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
+#	PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
+#	PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
+#	PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
+#	PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
+#	PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
+#	PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
+#	PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
+#	PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
+#	PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
+#	PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
+#	PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
+#	PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
+#	PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
+#	PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
+#	PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
+#	PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
+#	PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
+#	PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
+#	PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
+#	PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
+#	PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
+#	PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
+#	PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
+#	PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
+#	PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
+#	PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
+#	PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
+#	PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
+#	PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
+#	PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
+#	PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
+#	PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
+#	PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
+#	PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
+#	PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
+#	PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
+# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
+# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
+# between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
+# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
+# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Macau	1961	1962	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1961	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1963	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1964	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Oct	31	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1972	1974	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1972	1973	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1974	1977	-	Oct	Sun>=15	3:30	0	-
-Rule	Macau	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Apr	30	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Sep	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Apr	19	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Nov	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	May	 2	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	Oct	31	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Mar	31	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Oct	28	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1952	1953	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1952	only	-	Nov	 1	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1953	1954	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1954	1956	-	Mar	Sat>=17	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1955	only	-	Nov	 5	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1956	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1957	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1973	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=16	02:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1967	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1973	only	-	Dec	30	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1975	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	May	13	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912
-			8:00	Macau	MO%sT	1999 Dec 20 # return to China
-			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+			8:00	-	CST	1941 Dec 21 23:00
+			9:00	Macau	+09/+10	1945 Sep 30 24:00
+			8:00	Macau	C%sT
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Cyprus
-#
+
 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
+# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
+# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
 #
+# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
+# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
+# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
+# Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
+# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
@@ -674,7 +1038,11 @@ Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
 			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
 			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
-# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+Zone	Asia/Famagusta	2:15:48	-	LMT	1921 Nov 14
+			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT	2016 Sep  8
+			3:00	-	+03	2017 Oct 29 1:00u
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
 
 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
@@ -698,7 +1066,7 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
-# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
 # of integration into Europe.
 
 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
@@ -711,29 +1079,30 @@ Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
 
+# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:59:16	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
-			3:00	-	TBIT	1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			3:00	1:00	TBIST	1991 Apr  9 # independence
-			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992 # Georgia Time
-			3:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1994 Sep lastSun
-			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1996 Oct lastSun
-			4:00	1:00	GEST	1997 Mar lastSun
-			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	2004 Jun 27
-			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT	2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
-			4:00	-	GET
+Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
+			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04	1992
+			3:00 E-EurAsia	+03/+04	1994 Sep lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	1996 Oct lastSun
+			4:00	1:00	+05	1997 Mar lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	2004 Jun 27
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
+			4:00	-	+04
 
 # East Timor
 
 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
 
-# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
-# 
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
-#  (1999-12-26/31):
+#  (1999-12-26/31):
 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
@@ -743,39 +1112,102 @@ Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
 
-# 
 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
-# (2000-08-16):
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912
-			8:00	-	TLT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			9:00	-	TLT	1976 May  3
-			8:00	-	CIT	2000 Sep 17 00:00
-			9:00	-	TLT
+Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb 21 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1976 May  3
+			8:00	-	+08	2000 Sep 17  0:00
+			9:00	-	+09
 
 # India
+
+# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
+# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
+# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
+# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
+# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
+# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
+# that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+
+# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
+# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
+# (2015-12-22):
+# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
+# outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
+# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
+# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
+# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
+# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
+# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
+# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
+# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
+# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
+# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
+# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
+# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
+# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
+# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
+# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
+# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
+# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
+# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
+#
+# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
+# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
+# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
+# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
+# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
+# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
+#
+# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
+# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
+# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
+# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
+# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
+# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
+# government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
+# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
+# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
+# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
+# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
+# time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
+# 1941-1945 data.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
-			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
+Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1870	    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			5:21:10	-	MMT	1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
+			5:30	-	IST	1941 Oct
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
 			5:30	-	IST
-# The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
+# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
 #	Andaman Is
 #	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
 #	Nicobar Is
 
 # Indonesia
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+#
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
-# 
+# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
@@ -787,42 +1219,59 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
-# Regimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Editions
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
-# from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
+# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
 # switched on 1945-09-23.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia,  (2006-09-29).
+# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
+#
+# WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
 Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
 # but this must be a typo.
-			7:07:12	-	JMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
-			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov	 # Java Time
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Mar 23
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+			7:20	-	+0720	1932 Nov
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Mar 23
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
+			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
+			7:30	-	+0730	1964
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# west and central Borneo
 Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
 			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
-			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Jan 29
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
-			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
-			7:30	-	WIT	1964
-			8:00	-	CIT	1988 Jan  1
-			7:00	-	WIT
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Jan 29
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
+			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
+			7:30	-	+0730	1964
+			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
 Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
 			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
-			8:00	-	CIT	1942 Feb  9
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
-			8:00	-	CIT
+			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb  9
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			8:00	-	WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
 Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
-			9:00	-	EIT	1944 Sep  1
-			9:30	-	CST	1964
-			9:00	-	EIT
+			9:00	-	+09	1944 Sep  1
+			9:30	-	+0930	1964
+			9:00	-	WIT
 
 # Iran
 
@@ -853,8 +1302,6 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
-# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
-# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
 #
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
@@ -862,12 +1309,65 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
 # plan to change that law....
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
-# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
-# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
-# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
-# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
+# I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
+# lines from 2008 through 2087.  Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
+# cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
+# 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
+# for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
+# so the following code special-case those years.  See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
+# Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
+# The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
+# https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
+# Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
+# happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
+# stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
+# (cl-loop
+#  initially (require 'cal-persia)
+#  with first-persian-year = 1387
+#  with last-persian-year = 1466
+#  ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
+#  ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
+#  with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
+#  with range-start = nil
+#  for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
+#  do
+#  (let*
+#      ((exceptional-year-offset
+#        (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
+#       (beg-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
+#           exceptional-year-offset))
+#       (end-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
+#           exceptional-year-offset))
+#       (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
+#           (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
+#       (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
+#       (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
+#       (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
+#                           next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
+#       (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
+#       (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
+#    (setq range-start (or range-start year))
+#    (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
+#                  (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
+#              (= persian-year last-persian-year))
+#      (insert
+#       (format
+#        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
+#        range-start range-end
+#        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
+#        (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
+#      (insert
+#       (format
+#        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
+#        range-start range-end
+#        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
+#        (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
+#      (setq range-start nil))))
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
@@ -887,14 +1387,14 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
 #
-# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Norgaard Welen:
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 # daylight saving time ...
-# http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
 #
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
-# Iran, Volume 63, Number 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
+# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
@@ -902,61 +1402,120 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+#
+# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
+# These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
+# restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
+# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
+# possibly Iran will change the rules first.
+Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
-			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946	# Tehran Mean Time
-			3:30	-	IRST	1977 Nov
-			4:00	Iran	IR%sT	1979
-			3:30	Iran	IR%sT
+			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946     # Tehran Mean Time
+			3:30	-	+0330	1977 Nov
+			4:00	Iran	+04/+05	1979
+			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430
 
 
 # Iraq
@@ -978,35 +1537,29 @@ Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
 # news sources (in Arabic):
-# 
 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
-# 
 #
 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
-Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
-# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
+Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	-
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
 #
-Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
-			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918	    # Baghdad Mean Time?
-			3:00	-	AST	1982 May
-			3:00	Iraq	A%sT
+			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
+			3:00	-	+03	1982 May
+			3:00	Iraq	+03/+04
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -1073,8 +1626,13 @@ Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	18	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
 
 # From Ephraim Silverberg
 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
@@ -1212,40 +1770,22 @@ Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
 
-# From Ephraim Silverberg (2012-10-18):
-# Yesterday, the Interior Ministry Committee, after more than a year
-# past, approved sending the proposed June 2011 changes to the Time
-# Decree Law back to the Knesset for second and third (final) votes
-# before the upcoming elections on Jan. 22, 2013.  Hence, although the
-# changes are not yet law, they are expected to be so before February 2013.
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
+# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
+# Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
+# in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
+# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
 #
-# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday in March.
-# DST ends at 02:00 on the first Sunday after October 1, unless it occurs on the
-# second day of the Jewish Rosh Hashana holiday, in which case DST ends a day
-# later (i.e. at 02:00 the first Monday after October 2).
-# [Rosh Hashana holidays are factored in until 2100.]
-
-# From Ephraim Silverberg (2012-11-05):
-# The Knesset passed today (in second and final readings) the amendment to the
-# Time Decree Law making the changes ... law.
+# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
+# in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Zion	2013	2026	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2027	only	-	Oct	Mon>=3	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Zion	2028	max	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-# The following rules are commented out for now, as they break older
-# versions of zic that support only signed 32-bit timestamps, i.e.,
-# through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC.
-#Rule	Zion	2028	2053	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2054	only	-	Oct	Mon>=3	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2055	2080	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2081	only	-	Oct	Mon>=3	2:00	0	S
-#Rule	Zion	2082	max	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918	# Jerusalem Mean Time?
+Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT
 
 
@@ -1254,15 +1794,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Japan
 
-# `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
-# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
-# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
 
-# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
-# :
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
+# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
@@ -1272,21 +1812,41 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:56 -	LMT	1880
 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
 # wanted to keep it.)
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
+# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
+# The source of information is Japanese law.
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
+# ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
+# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
+# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
+# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
+# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
+# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
+# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
+# of the summer time is described in the document.
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
+# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
+# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
+# change the clock before they sleep.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
+# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
+# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
+# do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
+# which should be safe now.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
-# their audience is astrologers) were US military bases.  For now, assume
-# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
-# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
+Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
+Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
-# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
+# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
@@ -1294,10 +1854,10 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
-# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
+# which stands for the time on 135° E.
 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
-# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
 # standard....
@@ -1305,27 +1865,33 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
 
-# Shanks & Pottenger claim JST in use since 1896, and that a few
-# places (e.g. Ishigaki) use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all
-# ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
-			9:00	-	JST	1896
-			9:00	-	CJT	1938
 			9:00	Japan	J%sT
-# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
+# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
+# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
 
 # Jordan
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-07-01)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
 # all year round.
 #
-# From 
-# Jordan Week (1999-09-30)  via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# From 
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
@@ -1343,27 +1909,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
 #
 
-# From Phil Pizzey (2009-04-02):
-# ...I think I may have spotted an error in the timezone data for
-# Jordan.
-# The current (2009d) asia file shows Jordan going to daylight
-# saving
-# time on the last Thursday in March.
-#
-# Rule  Jordan      2000  max	-  Mar   lastThu     0:00s 1:00  S
-#
-# However timeanddate.com, which I usually find reliable, shows Jordan
-# going to daylight saving time on the last Friday in March since 2002.
-# Please see
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=11
-# 
-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
-# 
 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
-# 
 #
 # Google's translation:
 #
@@ -1381,10 +1929,22 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
 # until about the same time next year (at least).
 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-25):
-# For now, assume this is just a one-year measure.  If it becomes
-# permanent, we should move Jordan from EET to AST effective tomorrow.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -1410,12 +1970,14 @@ Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Jordan	2002	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Jordan	2013	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
@@ -1423,26 +1985,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 
 # Kazakhstan
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
-# stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
-# and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
-# Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
-# IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
-# RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger, who have them always using RussiaAsia rules.
-# Also go with the following claims of Shanks & Pottenger:
-#
-# - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
-# - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
-# - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
-
-# 
-# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
-# 
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
+#  (2005-03-21):
 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
@@ -1452,73 +1996,276 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
-# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
-# Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
+# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
+# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
 # everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
 
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
+# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
 #
+# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
+# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
+# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
+# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
+# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
+# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
+#
+# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
+# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
+# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
+# text.
+#
+# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
+# (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
+# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
+# transition to "summer" time:
+# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
+# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
+# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
+# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
+# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
+# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
+# Other territories were to not move clocks.
+# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
+# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
+# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
+#
+# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
+# was one of such changes.
+#
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
+# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
+# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
+# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
+# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
+# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
+# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
+# move clocks.)
+#
+# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
+# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
+# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
+# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
+#
+# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
+# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
+# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
+# 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
+# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
+# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
+# 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
+# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
+# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
+# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
+# time belt).
+#
+# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
+# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
+# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
+#
+# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
+# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
+# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
+# and the fifth time belts respectively.
+#
+# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
+# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
+# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
+# result)....
+#
+# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
+# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
+# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
+#
+# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
+# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
+# time belt.
+#
+# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
+#
+# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
+# replaces the previous five documents.
+#
+# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
+# fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
+# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
+# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
+# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
+# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
+# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
+#
+# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
+#
+# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
+# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
+# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
+# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
+# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
+# amended before implementation happened.
+#
+# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
+# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
+# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
+# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
+# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
+#
+# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
+# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
+# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
+# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
+#
+# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
+# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
+# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
+# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
+# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
+# time.
+#
+# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
+# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
+# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
+# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
+# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
+# oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
+# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
+# according to wikipedia.)
+#
+# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
+# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
+# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
+# how that could happen....
+#
+# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
+# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
+# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
+# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
+
+# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
+# Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
+# UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
+# located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
+# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
+# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
 Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
-			5:00	-	ALMT	1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT	1991
-			6:00	-	ALMT	1992
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	ALM%sT	2005 Mar 15
-			6:00	-	ALMT
-# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
 Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	KIZT	1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
-			5:00	-	KIZT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	KIZST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	KIZT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	KIZ%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	KIZT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00	-	QYZT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	QYZ%sT	2005 Mar 15
-			6:00	-	QYZT
-# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06	2018 Dec 21  0:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+#
+# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
+# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
+# reorganization.
+Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:28 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+
+# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
 Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	AKTT	1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
-			5:00	-	AKTT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	AKTST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	AKTT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AKT%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	AKTT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
-			5:00	-	AQTT
-# Mangghystau
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
-# so include time stamps before 1963.
+# so include timestamps before 1963.
 Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	FORT	1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
-			5:00	-	FORT	1963
-			5:00	-	SHET	1981 Oct  1 # Shevchenko Time
-			6:00	-	SHET	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	SHE%sT	1991
-			5:00	-	SHET	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	AQT%sT	2005 Mar 15
-			5:00	-	AQTT
-# West Kazakhstan
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1994 Sep 25  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
+# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
+Zone	Asia/Atyrau	3:27:44	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1999 Mar 28  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
-			4:00	-	URAT	1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
-			5:00	-	URAT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	URAST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	URAT	1982 Apr  1
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	URA%sT	1991
-			4:00	-	URAT	1991 Dec 16 # independence
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	ORA%sT	2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
-			5:00	-	ORAT
+			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
-# 
+# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
@@ -1526,75 +2273,147 @@ Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
-			5:00	Kyrgyz	KG%sT	2005 Aug 12    # Kyrgyzstan Time
-			6:00	-	KGT
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Aug 31  2:00
+			5:00	Kyrgyz	+05/+06	2005 Aug 12
+			6:00	-	+06
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Korea (North and South)
 
-# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10) in
-# :
-# The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy has already
-# commissioned a research project [to reintroduce DST] and has said
-# the system may begin as early as 2008....  Korea ran a daylight
-# saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it during the 1950-53 Korean War.
+# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
+# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
+# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
+# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
+# between 1987 and 1988 ...
+
+# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# According to the Korean Wikipedia
+# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
+# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
+# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
+# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
+# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
+# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
+# date in South Korea should be
+# 1955-09-08 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
+# 1956-09-29 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
+# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
+# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
+# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
+# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
+# ...
+# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
+# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
+# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
+# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
+
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=7	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 8	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sat>=17	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 3:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
+#
+# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
+# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
+#       (Announcement No. 338)
+# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
+# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
+#
+# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
+# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
+#
+# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+#
+# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
+# have no information otherwise.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
+# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
+# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
+# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
+# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
+# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
+# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
+# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
+
+# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
+# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
+# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
+#
+# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
+# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
+# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
+# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
+# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
+# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
+# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
+# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1890
-			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
-			8:30	-	KST	1932
+Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
 			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
-			8:00	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
-			8:30	-	KST	1968 Oct
+			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
 			9:00	ROK	K%sT
-Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1890
-			8:30	-	KST	1904 Dec
-			9:00	-	KST	1928
-			8:30	-	KST	1932
-			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
-			8:00	-	KST	1961 Aug 10
+Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
+			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
+			8:30	-	KST	2018 May  4 23:30
 			9:00	-	KST
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Kuwait
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# From the Arab Times (2007-03-14):
-# The Civil Service Commission (CSC) has approved a proposal forwarded
-# by MP Ahmad Baqer on implementing the daylight saving time (DST) in
-# Kuwait starting from April until the end of Sept this year, reports Al-Anba.
-# .
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
-# We don't know the details, or whether the approval means it'll happen,
-# so for now we assume no DST.
-Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
 
 # Laos
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
 
 # Lebanon
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1628,52 +2447,50 @@ Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Malaysia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
 #
 # peninsular Malaysia
-# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# .
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
-			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
-			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
-			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
-			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
-			7:30	-	MALT	1982 Jan  1
-			8:00	-	MYT	# Malaysia Time
+			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
+			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	+0730	1982 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08
 # Sabah & Sarawak
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The data here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
-# transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
+# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
-			7:30	-	BORT	1933	# Borneo Time
-			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942 Feb 16
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
-			8:00	-	BORT	1982 Jan  1
-			8:00	-	MYT
+			7:30	-	+0730	1933
+			8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			8:00	-	+08
 
 # Maldives
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
-			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960	# Male Mean Time
-			5:00	-	MVT		# Maldives Time
+Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
+			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Malé Mean Time
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Mongolia
 
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
-# usno1995 and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World (2005-03)
-# both say that it has just one.
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
-# 
 # General Information Mongolia
-#  (1999-09)
+#  (1999-09)
 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
-# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
 # eight hours."
 
@@ -1684,7 +2501,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # of implementation may have been different....
 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
-# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
@@ -1698,10 +2515,10 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
 # there are three time zones.
 #
-# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
-# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
-#	Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
-# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
 #
 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
 
@@ -1718,16 +2535,16 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
-# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
-# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
+# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
 # He also found
-# 
+# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
-# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
@@ -1743,29 +2560,23 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
 # database on this, e.g.:
 #
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
-# 
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
-# 
 #
 # both say GMT+08:00.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
 # schedule here:
-# 
 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
-# 
 # (click the English flag for English)
 #
-# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbatar arrive
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
-# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khvod takes 2 hours in the Eastern
-# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbatar and Khvod are
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
-# Ulaanbatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
@@ -1773,57 +2584,65 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880	# Male
 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
 # this is almost surely wrong.
 
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
+# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
+# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
+# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
+# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
+# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
-# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sukhbaatar) took place
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
 
-Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
+# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
+# saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
+
+Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
-Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
 Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			6:00	-	HOVT	1978	# Hovd Time
-			7:00	Mongol	HOV%sT
+			6:00	-	+06	1978
+			7:00	Mongol	+07/+08
 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
 Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			7:00	-	ULAT	1978	# Ulaanbaatar Time
-			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT
-# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+			7:00	-	+07	1978
+			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
 Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
-			8:00	-	ULAT	1983 Apr
-			9:00	Mongol	CHO%sT	2008 Mar 31 # Choibalsan Time
-			8:00	Mongol	CHO%sT
+			7:00	-	+07	1978
+			8:00	-	+08	1983 Apr
+			9:00	Mongol	+09/+10	2008 Mar 31
+			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
 
 # Nepal
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
-			5:30	-	IST	1986
-			5:45	-	NPT	# Nepal Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1986
+			5:45	-	+0545
 
 # Oman
-
-# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
-			4:00	-	GST
+# See Asia/Dubai.
 
 # Pakistan
 
@@ -1835,7 +2654,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
-# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
@@ -1867,43 +2686,30 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
 #
-# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to help
-# reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at 9pm and
-# moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months.
-# ...."
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
+# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
+# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
 #
-# 
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
-# for another 2 months--plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
 # instead of August 31.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
 # official working."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
-# 
 #
 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
@@ -1911,15 +2717,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
 # April 08, 2009
 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
-# 
-#
-# or
-#
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
-# 
 #
 # ....
 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
@@ -1932,34 +2731,20 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
 # this regard."
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
-# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
-# 1, 2009.
+# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
+# October 1, 2009.
 #
 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
-# 
-
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
-# Alexander Krivenyshev wrote:
-# > According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
-# > Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
-# > 1, 2009.
 #
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
-# 
 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
-# 
 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
 # Monday."
@@ -1971,11 +2756,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 #
 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
 
-# From Christoph Goehre (2009-10-01):
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
 
@@ -1991,29 +2774,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
 #
 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
-# 
 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
-# 
 #
 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
-# 
 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
-# 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:01	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:01	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
-			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
-			5:30	-	IST	1951 Sep 30
-			5:00	-	KART	1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	-	+0530	1951 Sep 30
+			5:00	-	+05	1971 Mar 26
 			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time
 
 # Palestine
@@ -2080,10 +2858,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# Daoud Kuttab writes in
-# 
-# Holiday havoc
-#  (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
@@ -2096,7 +2873,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
-# earlier--the same goes for Jordan.
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
@@ -2115,7 +2892,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
 # because of the Ramadan.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
 
@@ -2132,16 +2909,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
 #
-# 
 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
@@ -2149,24 +2919,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
 #
 # (in Arabic)
-# 
 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
-# 
 #
-# or
 # (English translation)
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
 #
 # One news source:
-# 
 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
-# 
 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
@@ -2175,9 +2938,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
@@ -2187,51 +2948,35 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
-# 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
 #
-# 
 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
-# 
 # (in Arabic)
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
 # noon though:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
-# 
 # (Ma'an News Agency)
 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
 # According to several sources, including
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
-# 
 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
 # Gaza and the West Bank.
 # Some more background info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
@@ -2239,13 +2984,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
 # Ramadan.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
-# 
 # Additional info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
@@ -2255,14 +2996,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
 # ...
-# 
-# http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
-# 
-# or
-# 
+# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
-# 
-# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
@@ -2270,32 +3006,74 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
 #
 # Many sources, including:
-# 
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
-# 
 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
-# 
 #
-# 
 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
-# 
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
-# The timeanddate article for 2012 says that "the end date has not yet been
-# announced" and that "Last year, both...paused daylight saving time during...
-# Ramadan. It is not yet known [for] 2012."
-# For now, assume both switch back on the last Friday in September. XXX
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
+# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
+# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
+
+# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
+# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
+# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
+# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
+# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
+# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
+# Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
+# This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
+# predictions.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
+# It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
+# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
+# clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
+# the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
+# time of the time shift.
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
+# For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2309,109 +3087,175 @@ Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2006	2008	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=8	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Aug	lastFri	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	2:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSat	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-09-20):
-# 2011 transitions per http://www.timeanddate.com as of 2011-09-20.
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-12):
-# 2012 transitions per http://www.timeanddate.com as of 2012-10-12.
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2014	2015	-	Oct	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	lastFri	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Mar	Sat>=22	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Oct	lastSat	1:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
-			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  2 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Mar 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2012 Sep 21 1:00
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
+			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2012
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
-			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
 			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
 			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
 			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug
-			2:00 	1:00	EEST	2008 Sep
-			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Apr  1 12:01
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Aug  1
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Aug 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2011 Sep 30 3:00
-			2:00	-	EET	2012 Mar 30
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	2012 Sep 21 1:00
-			2:00	-	EET
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
 
 # Paracel Is
 # no information
 
 # Philippines
-# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
-# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
-# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
-# transcript of the decree in .
-# The rest of the data are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
-# Tomorrow's Manila Standard reports that the Philippines Department of
-# Trade and Industry is considering adopting DST this June when the
-# rainy season begins.  See
-# .
-# For now, we'll ignore this, since it's not definite and we lack details.
-#
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
+# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
+# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
 # but no details]
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
+# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
+# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
+# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
+# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
+# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
+# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
+
+# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
+# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
+# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
+# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
+# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
+# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
+# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
+# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
+# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
+# more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
+# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
+# influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
+# so use "PDT", the usual American style.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
-			8:00	Phil	PH%sT	1942 May
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT	1942 May
 			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
-			8:00	Phil	PH%sT
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT
 
 # Qatar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920	# Al Dawhah / Doha
-			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
-			3:00	-	AST
+Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
+			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	+03
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 
 # Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
+# Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
+# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
+# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
+# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
+# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
+# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
+# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
+# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
+# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
+# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
+# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
+# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
+# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
+# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
+# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
+# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
+# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
+# as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
+			3:00	-	+03
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden	# Yemen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
 
 # Singapore
-# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# .
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
-			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
-			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
-			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
-			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
-			7:30	-	MALT	1965 Aug  9 # independence
-			7:30	-	SGT	1982 Jan  1 # Singapore Time
-			8:00	-	SGT
+			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
+			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	+0730	1982 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08
 
 # Spratly Is
 # no information
@@ -2426,26 +3270,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
-# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
+# (, 1996-05-24,
 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
-# reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
-# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
-# by Shamindra in
-# 
-# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
-# :
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+#  (1996-10-26):
 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
 #  (2006-04-13):
 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
 
 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
-# 
+# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
@@ -2453,45 +3295,31 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
 
-# From K Sethu (2006-04-25):
-# I think the abbreviation LKT originated from the world of computers at
-# the time of or subsequent to the time zone changes by SL Government
-# twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
-# agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
+# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
+# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
+# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
+# standard time is SLST.
 #
-# I recollect before the recent change the government annoucemments
-# mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
-# Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
-#
-# If we look at Sri Lanka Department of Government's "Official News
-# Website of Sri Lanka" ... http://www.news.lk/ we can see that they
-# use SLT as abbreviation in time stamp at the beginning of each news
-# item....
-#
-# Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
-# adminsitrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
-# nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
-# known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
-# slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
-#
-# But if indeed our government has adopted SLT as standard abbreviation
-# (that we have not known so far) then  it is better that it be used for
-# all computers.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
-# One possibility is that we wait for a bit for the dust to settle down
-# and then see what people actually say in practice.
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
+# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
+# zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
+# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
+# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
+# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
+# other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
+# even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
+# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
-			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906	# Moratuwa Mean Time
-			5:30	-	IST	1942 Jan  5
-			5:30	0:30	IHST	1942 Sep
-			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16 2:00
-			5:30	-	IST	1996 May 25 0:00
-			6:30	-	LKT	1996 Oct 26 0:30
-			6:00	-	LKT	2006 Apr 15 0:30
-			5:30	-	IST
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Jan  5
+			5:30	0:30	+06	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 16  2:00
+			5:30	-	+0530	1996 May 25  0:00
+			6:30	-	+0630	1996 Oct 26  0:30
+			6:00	-	+06	2006 Apr 15  0:30
+			5:30	-	+0530
 
 # Syria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -2541,16 +3369,16 @@ Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
 Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
-# From Jesper Norgard (2007-10-27):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
-# not take place 1.st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1.st November at 24:00 or
-# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sence than
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen wrote:
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
 #
 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
@@ -2566,8 +3394,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 
 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
-# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so...This is the data IATA
-# are now using:
+# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
 # Variation
@@ -2579,16 +3406,15 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
 # Agency (SANA)...
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
-# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# My buest guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
@@ -2601,37 +3427,27 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
 # clocks back 60 minutes).
 #
-# 
 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
 # two examples:
 #
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
-# 
 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
-# 
 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
-# 
 # (Arabic, gov-site)
 #
 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
 #
 # Our summary
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
@@ -2642,23 +3458,17 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
-# 
 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
 #
 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
-# 
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
-# 
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
@@ -2671,81 +3481,120 @@ Rule	Syria	2012	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	2009	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920	# Dimashq
+Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
 			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
 
 # Tajikistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 2:00s
-			5:00	-	TJT		    # Tajikistan Time
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	+05/+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Thailand
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
-			7:00	-	ICT
+			7:00	-	+07
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh	# Cambodia
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane	# Laos
 
 # Turkmenistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
-			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00
-			5:00	-	TMT
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # United Arab Emirates
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
-			4:00	-	GST
+			4:00	-	+04
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat	# Oman
 
 # Uzbekistan
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
-			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
-			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
-			6:00	-	TAST	1982 Apr  1 # Tashkent Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	SAM%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
-			5:00	-	UZT
-Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
-			6:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
-			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
-			5:00	-	UZT
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
+			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Vietnam
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
-# and Pottenger.
+# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Min City";
-# we use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
+# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
+# is quoted verbatim in:
+# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
+# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# and is the basis for the information below.
+#
+# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
+# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
+# the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
+# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
+# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
+# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
+# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
+# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
+# To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
+# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
+# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
+# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
+# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
+# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
+# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
+# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
+# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
 
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1955 Jul  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1959 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1975 Jun 13
+			7:00	-	+07
 
 # Yemen
-
-# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
-# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/australasia b/extra/zoneinfo/australasia
index 58df73d5d7..dfe73d3f9d 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/australasia
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/australasia
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -13,13 +14,13 @@
 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
@@ -27,26 +28,26 @@ Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			 9:30	Aus	CST
+			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
 # Western Australia
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
-			 8:00	AW	WST
+			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
 Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
-			 8:45	Aus	CWST	1943 Jul
-			 8:45	AW	CWST
+			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
+			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945
 
 # Queensland
 #
@@ -61,131 +62,139 @@ Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
+# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
+# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
+# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
+# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
+# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
-			10:00	Holiday	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
+			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
 
 # South Australia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Tasmania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
-# 
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
-			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
-			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Jul
-			10:00	AT	EST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AV	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AV	AE%sT
 
 # New South Wales
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
-			10:00	AN	EST
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AN	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
-			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
-			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
-			9:30	AN	CST	2000
-			9:30	AS	CST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -204,8 +213,9 @@ Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
-			10:30	LH	LHST
+			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
+			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
+			10:30	LH	+1030/+11
 
 # Australian miscellany
 #
@@ -218,32 +228,45 @@ Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 # no times are set
 #
 # Macquarie
-# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
-# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
-# like Australia/Hobart
+# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
+# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
+# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
+# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
+# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
+# on 4 April.
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
+# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
+# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
+# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
+# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
+Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
+			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
+			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
-			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
+			7:00	-	+07
 
-# Cook Is
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
-			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
-			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
-
-# Cocos
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
-			6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
+			6:30	-	+0630
+
 
 # Fiji
 
@@ -254,20 +277,13 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 #
 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
-# 
 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 # amendments:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
@@ -276,35 +292,24 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 #
 # Official source:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
-# 
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
-# 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 #
-# 
-# www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # which says
 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
@@ -314,9 +319,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
-# 
 # states:
 #
 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
@@ -329,100 +332,197 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
+
+# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
+# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
+# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
+# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
+# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
+
+# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
+# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
+# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
+# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
+# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
+# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
+# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
+# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
+# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
+# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
+# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
+# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
+# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
+# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-08-31):
-# For now, guess a pattern of the penultimate Sundays in October and January.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-15):
+# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
+# the first Sunday on or after January 13.  January transitions reportedly
+# depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
+# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
+# practice than guessing no DST.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=18	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2012	max	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=13	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
-			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
+Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
+			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
 
 # French Polynesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Rikitea
-			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
+Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
+			 -9:00	-	-09
 Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
-			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
-Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
-			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
+			 -9:30	-	-0930
+Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
+			-10:00	-	-10
 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 # it is uninhabited.
 
 # Guam
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
-			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
-			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23	# Guam
+			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
+			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
-			 12:00	-	GILT		 # Gilbert Is Time
+Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
+			 12:00	-	+12
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
-			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
-			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
-			 13:00	-	PHOT
+			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
+			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
+			 13:00	-	+13
 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
-			-10:40	-	LINT	1979 Oct # Line Is Time
-			-10:00	-	LINT	1995
-			 14:00	-	LINT
+			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
+			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
+			 14:00	-	+14
 
 # N Mariana Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
-			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
-			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
-			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
-			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+# See Pacific/Guam.
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
-			12:00	-	MHT
-Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
-			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20	# Kwajalein Time
-			12:00	-	MHT
+Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Jan 30
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12
+Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
+			 12:00	-	+12
 
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
-			10:00	-	CHUT			# Chuuk Time
-Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
-			11:00	-	PONT			# Pohnpei Time
-Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
-			12:00	-	KOST	1999
-			11:00	-	KOST
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk	-13:52:52 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
+			 10:00	-	+10	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 10:00	-	+10
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
+			 10:32:52 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11
+Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12	1999
+			 11:00	-	+11
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
-			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15	# Nauru Time
-			9:00	-	JST	1944 Aug 15
-			11:30	-	NRT	1979 May
-			12:00	-	NRT
+Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
+			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Aug 29
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  8
+			11:30	-	+1130	1979 Feb 10  2:00
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 # New Caledonia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
-			11:00	NC	NC%sT
+Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
+			11:00	NC	+11/+12
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -437,36 +537,40 @@ Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
-# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
-# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
+# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
+# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
+# time to percolate out.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
-			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
+			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
 
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 
 # Auckland Is
-# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
@@ -475,48 +579,85 @@ Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
+# Cook Is
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
+			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
+			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Niue
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901		# Alofi
-			-11:20	-	NUT	1951	# Niue Time
-			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct 1
-			-11:00	-	NUT
+Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
+			-11:20	-	-1120	1951
+			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1
+			-11:00	-	-11
 
 # Norfolk
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
-			11:12	-	NMT	1951	# Norfolk Mean Time
-			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time
+Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
+			11:12	-	+1112	1951
+			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00
+			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00
+			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00
+			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
-			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
+Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
+			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
+			  9:00	-	+09
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
-			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
-			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+			10:00	-	+10
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
+# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
+#
+# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
+# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
+# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
+# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
+# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
+# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
+# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
+#
+# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
+# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
+# See:
+# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
+#
+Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
+			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
+			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
-			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27 00:00
-			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time
+Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
+			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
+			-8:00	-	-08
 
 # American Samoa
-Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 
-# Samoa
+# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
@@ -527,144 +668,83 @@ Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
-# 
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
-# 
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 # Please see
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
-# ,
 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
-# I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
-# 
-# www.mcil.gov.ws
-# 
+# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
 #
-# PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
-#
-# Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
-# businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
-# saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
-#
-# The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
-# the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
-# then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
-# adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
-#
-# Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
-# INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
+# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
+# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
+# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
+# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 
-# From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
+# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
 #
-# 
 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
-# 
 
-# From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
-# I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
-# Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
-# confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
-# than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
-# the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
-# changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
-#
-# International Date Line Bill 2011
-#
-# AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
-# consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
-# Line, and for related purposes.
-#
-# BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
-# assembled as follows:
-#
-# 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
-# International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
-# commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
-# Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
-#
-# [snip]
-#
-# 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
-# other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
-# time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
-#
-# 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
-# standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
-# Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
-# time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
-# instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
-# Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
-# Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
-# it defines Samoa standard time....
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
+# The International Date Line Act 2011
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
+# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
+# accordingly.
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
-# 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
-# 
 #
 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 #
 # DST
-# Year	End	Time	Start	Time
-# 2011	- - -	- - -	24 September	3:00am to 4:00am
-# 2012	01 April	4:00am to 3:00am	- - -	- - -
+# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
+# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
+# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
 #
 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 # Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
 # Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
 #
-# Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
-# Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
-# seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
-# a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
-#
-# From Nicky (2012-09-10):
+# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
-# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.
-#
-# Please find link below for more information.
+# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 #
-# That publication also includes dates for Summer of 2013/4 as well
-# which give the impression of a pattern in selecting dates for the
-# future, so for now, we will guess this will continue.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
+# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
 
-# Western Samoa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
-			-11:00	-	WST	2010 Sep 26
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Apr 2 4:00
-			-11:00	-	WST	2011 Sep 24 3:00
-			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Dec 30
-			 13:00	1:00	WSDT	2012 Apr Sun>=1 4:00
-			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
+			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
+			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
+			 13:00	WS	+13/+14
 
 # Solomon Is
 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
-			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time
+Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
+			11:00	-	+11
 
-# Tokelau Is
+# Tokelau
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
@@ -673,37 +753,39 @@ Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
-# Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
-# actually was to UTC-11 back then.
+# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
+# actually was to UT-11 back then.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
-# , page 65, says Tokelau
+# , page 65, says Tokelau
 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	TKT 2011 Dec 30	# Tokelau Time
-			13:00	-	TKT
+			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
+			13:00	-	+13
 
 # Tonga
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
-			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
-			13:00	-	TOT	1999
-			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT
+			12:20	-	+1220	1941
+			13:00	-	+13	1999
+			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14
 
 # Tuvalu
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # US minor outlying islands
@@ -713,7 +795,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
-# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
@@ -726,30 +808,37 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Johnston
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
+# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
+#
+# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
+#  (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
+# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
+# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
+# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
+# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
 
 # Kingman
 # uninhabited
 
 # Midway
-#
-# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
-# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
-# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
-# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
-# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
-# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
-# designations that I've never seen before:....
-# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
-#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
-#
-Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
-			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
-			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
-			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
-			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
-			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
+# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
 
 # Palmyra
 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
@@ -757,212 +846,229 @@ Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
 # Wake
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
-			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
+Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
+			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
 
 # Wallis and Futuna
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
-			12:00	-	WFT	# Wallis & Futuna Time
+			12:00	-	+12
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # NOTES
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
-# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
+# I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
+# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
-#		std dst
-#		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#	  8:00	WST WST	Western Australia
-#	  8:45	CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
-#	  9:00	JST	Japan
-#	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
-#	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
-#	 10:00	ChST	Chamorro
-#	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
-#	 11:30	NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
-#	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
-#	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
-#	-11:00	SST	Samoa
-#	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
-#	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
+#		std	dst
+#		LMT		Local Mean Time
+#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
+#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
+#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
+#	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
+#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
+#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
+#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
+#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
 #
-# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
-# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
+# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
+# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
+# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
+# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
+# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
+# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
+# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
+# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
+# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
+# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
+# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
+# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
-# 
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
-#  summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
-# 
 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
-#  covers New South Wales in particular.
+# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
+# covers New South Wales in particular.
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
-# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
-# It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
-# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
+# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
+# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
+# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
-# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
+# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
 # time'.
 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
-# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
-# or `Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
+# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
+# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
-# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
+# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
-# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
-#	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
-#	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
-#	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
-
-# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
-# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
-# 
-# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
-# 
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
-# versus "AEST" etc.:
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 #
-# I see the following points of dispute:
+# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
+# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
+# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
+# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
+# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
+# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
+# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
+# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
+# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
+# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
+# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
+# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
 #
-# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
+#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
+#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
+#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
+#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
+#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
+#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
 #
-#   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
-#   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
-#   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
-#   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
-#   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
-#   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
-#   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
-#   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
 #
-#   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
-#   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
-#   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
-#   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
+# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
+# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
+# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
 #
-# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
+#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
 #
-#   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
-#   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
-#   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
-#   Time, for example.
+# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
+# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
+# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
+# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
+# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
+# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
+# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
 #
-#   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
-#   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
-#   tiebreaker.
+# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
+# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search 
+# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
+# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
+# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
+# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
+# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
+# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
+# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
+# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
+# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
+# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
+# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
+# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
 #
-# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
-#   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
-#   the word "Australian"?
+# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
 #
-#   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
-#   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
-#   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
-#   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
-#   following count of page hits:
+#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
+#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
+#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
-#     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
-#       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
-#       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
+#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
+#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
 #
-#   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
-#   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
-#   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
-#   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
+#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
+#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
 #
-#   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
-#   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
-#   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
-#   are the hit counts anyway:
+#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
+#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
-#     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
-#      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
-#      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
-#      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
+#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
 #
-#      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
-#       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
-#         176 "ACST" and domain:au
-#          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
+#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
+#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
+#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
+#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
+#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
 #
-#       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
-#          68 "AWST" and domain:au
-#
-#   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
-#   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
-#   the ambiguities involved.
-#
-# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
-#
-#   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
-#   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
-#   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
-#   understood in Australia.
+# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
+# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
+# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
+# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
+# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
+# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
+# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
+# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
+# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
-# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
+# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
@@ -972,17 +1078,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # relevant entries in this database.
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
-# 
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
-# 
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
 # ACT
-# 
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
-# 
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
 # SA
-# 
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
-# 
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
@@ -1000,7 +1103,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
 # allude to it.
 # But not Queensland
-# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
 
 # Northern Territory
 
@@ -1047,12 +1150,28 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
-# 
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
-#  (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
+# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
+# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
+# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
+# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
+# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
+# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
+# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
+# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
+
 # Queensland
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
+# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
+# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
+# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
+# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
+
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
 # #						[ Dec 1990 ]
@@ -1090,9 +1209,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
-# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
-# 
+# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
 
 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
@@ -1106,7 +1225,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
-# .
+# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
@@ -1254,7 +1373,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
 # who notes:
 #	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
-#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
+#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
 #	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
 #	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
@@ -1262,48 +1381,42 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
-# October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
-# 
-# Two months more daylight saving
-# 
-# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
+# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
+# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
+# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
 # See the following official NSW source:
-# 
 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
-# 
+# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
 #
 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
 # daylight saving next year.  See:
-# 
 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
+# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
-# Victoria will following NSW.  See:
-# 
-# Vic to extend daylight saving
-#  (1999-07-28).
+# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
+# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
+# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
 #
 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
-# 
-# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
-#  (1999-07-19).
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
 #
 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
-# 
 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
-#  (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
-# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
+# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
-# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
 #
 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
-# 
-# Broken Hill to be behind the times
-#  (1999-07-21).
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
 
 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
@@ -1319,7 +1432,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Yancowinna
 
 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
-# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
+# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
@@ -1376,9 +1489,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # summer (southern hemisphere).
 #
 # From
-# 
 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
-# 
 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
@@ -1388,9 +1499,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
 #
 # We have a wrap-up here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
@@ -1399,7 +1508,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
-# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
+# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
@@ -1428,7 +1537,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
-# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
@@ -1441,6 +1550,19 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
@@ -1458,68 +1580,200 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
 
-# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
-# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
-# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.  But correspondents say it
-# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
-# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
-# millenium.
+# From the BBC World Service in
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
+# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
+# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
+# of the new millennium.
 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
-# Johnston
-
-# Johnston data is from usno1995.
-
 
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
-# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
+# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
+# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
+# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
+# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
+# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
+# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
 
 # Kwajalein
 
-# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
-# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
-# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
-# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
-# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
+# From an AP article (1993-08-22):
+# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
+# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
+# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
+# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
+# one side of the international date line to the other."
+# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
+# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#  ... pointed out that
+# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
+# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
+# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
+# should occur at around 1950s instead.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
+# The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
+# Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
+# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
+# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
+# .
+# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
+# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
 
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
-# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
-# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
+# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
+# period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
+# that period of time like the surrounding area.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
-
-# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
+#
+# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
+# and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
+# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
+# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
 
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 
-# Micronesia
+
+# Marshall Is
+# See the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
+# Micronesia (and nearby)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
+# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
-# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
-# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 #
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
-# 
-# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
-#  (1999-01-26)
-# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
-# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
+# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
+# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
+# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#
+# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
+# ...
+# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
+# Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
+#
+# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
+# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
+# of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
+# implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
+#
+# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
+# instructed to use JST at the time.
+#
+# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
+# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
+# longitude of the atoll.
+# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
+# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
+# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
+# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
+# is if they keep their own time back then)
+#
+# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
+# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
+# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
+# year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
+# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
+# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
+#    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
+#  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
+#    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
+#    governance structure have been established, these district [become
+#    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
+#    time of the area.
+#  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
+#    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
+#    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
+#    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
+#    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
+#    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
+#    Marshall Islands.
+#
+# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
+# area into 2 timezones:
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
+#    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
+#    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
+#    Standard Time)
+#
+# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
+# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
+# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
+#
+# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
+# island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
+# period of time....
+#
+# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
+# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
+# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
+# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
+#
+# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
+# under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
+# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
+# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
+# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
+# information can be found.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
+# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
+# for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
+#
+# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
+# done, so omit it from the data for now.
+#
+# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
 
 
 # Midway
@@ -1538,6 +1792,46 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
 
+# Nauru
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
+# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
+# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
+# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
+# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
+# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
+# ...
+# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
+# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
+# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
+# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
+# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
+# page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
+# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
+# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
+
+# Norfolk
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
+# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
+# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
+# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
+# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
+# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
+# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
+# other than in 1974/5.  See:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
+
+# Palau
+# See commentary for Micronesia.
 
 # Pitcairn
 
@@ -1559,40 +1853,50 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
-# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
-# Samoa
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
-# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
-# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
-# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
-# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
-# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
+# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
+# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
+# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
+# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
+# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
+# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
+# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
 
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
-# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
-# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
+# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
 
 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
-# 
-# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
-# :
-
+# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
+# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
+#
 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
-# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
+# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
-# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
-# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
 #
 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
@@ -1608,7 +1912,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
-# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
@@ -1618,9 +1922,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
 #
 # I was given this link by John Letts:
-# 
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
-# 
 #
 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
@@ -1628,9 +1930,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
-# According to 
-# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
-# :
+# According to :
 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
@@ -1648,7 +1948,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
-# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
+# (Original URL was )
 
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
@@ -1659,27 +1959,47 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
 # hour to 1:00am.
 
-# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
+# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
 
+# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
+# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
+# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
+# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
+# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
+# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
+
+# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
+# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
+# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
+# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
+
 
 # Wake
 
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 #
-# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ...  The time was all the
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
 # impossible.
 #
-# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
+# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
 
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 # The International Date Line
@@ -1703,7 +2023,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
 # correct date is ambiguous.
 
-# From Wikipedia  (2005-08-31):
+# From Wikipedia  (2005-08-31):
 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
@@ -1713,7 +2033,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
-# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight.  These zones were
+# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
 
@@ -1721,6 +2041,6 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (2005-03-20):
 #
 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
-# 
+# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/backward b/extra/zoneinfo/backward
index dc7769fb1f..51e10f4ce4 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/backward
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/backward
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-# 
+# tzdb links for backward compatibility
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This file provides links between current names for time zones
+# This file provides links between current names for timezones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
-Link	Africa/Asmara		Africa/Asmera
-Link	Africa/Bamako		Africa/Timbuktu
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
@@ -20,17 +22,25 @@ Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
 Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
 Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
 Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Montreal
 Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
-Link	America/St_Thomas	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Santa_Isabel
+Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
 Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
-Link	Asia/Chongqing		Asia/Chungking
-Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
-Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
 Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
+Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
 Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
-Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Asia/Yangon		Asia/Rangoon
 Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
 Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
 Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
 Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
@@ -53,7 +63,9 @@ Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
 Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
 Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
 Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
-Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
+# This line is commented out, as the name exceeded the 14-character limit
+# and was an unused misnomer.
+#Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
 Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
 Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
 Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
@@ -88,10 +100,11 @@ Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	America/Denver		Navajo
 Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
-Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
-Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
-Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
 Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
 Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
 Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
 Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/backzone b/extra/zoneinfo/backzone
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97792b1cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/backzone
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+# Zones that go back beyond the scope of the tz database
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know
+# better, go ahead and edit it (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+
+# This file contains data outside the normal scope of the tz database,
+# in that its zones do not differ from normal tz zones after 1970.
+# Links in this file point to zones in this file, superseding links in
+# the file 'backward'.
+
+# Although zones in this file may be of some use for analyzing
+# pre-1970 timestamps, they are less reliable, cover only a tiny
+# sliver of the pre-1970 era, and cannot feasibly be improved to cover
+# most of the era.  Because the zones are out of normal scope for the
+# database, less effort is put into maintaining this file.  Many of
+# the zones were formerly in other source files, but were removed or
+# replaced by links as their data entries were questionable and/or they
+# differed from other zones only in pre-1970 timestamps.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+
+# This file is not intended to be compiled standalone, as it
+# assumes rules from other files.  In the tz distribution, use
+# 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone zones' to compile and install this file.
+
+# Zones are sorted by zone name.  Each zone is preceded by the
+# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
+# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
+#
+# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+
+# Ethiopia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
+# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
+# 02:00 or 14:00.  Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time
+# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
+# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05.  Perhaps 38E50
+# was for Adis Dera.  Quite likely the Shanks data entries are wrong
+# anyway.
+Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Eritrea
+Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890        # Asmara Mean Time
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
+
+# Mali (southern)
+Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960 Jun 20
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Central African Republic
+Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gambia
+Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935 # Banjul Mean Time
+			-1:00	-	-01	1964
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Malawi
+Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Republic of the Congo
+Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Burundi
+Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Guinea
+Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Senegal
+Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Jun
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Tanzania
+Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
+			3:00	-	EAT	1948
+			2:45	-	+0245	1961
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Djibouti
+Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Cameroon
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+# Sierra Leone
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The following table is from Shanks & Pottenger, but it can't be right.
+# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on.
+# The International Hydrographic Bulletin, 1932-33, p 63 says that
+# Sierra Leone would advance its clocks by 20 minutes on 1933-10-01.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	-0020
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-01
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	+01
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
+Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
+			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
+			 0:00	SL	GMT/+01
+
+# Botswana
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
+# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
+Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zimbabwe
+Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Uganda
+Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930
+			2:30	-	+0230	1948
+			2:45	-	+0245	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Rwanda
+Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (west)
+Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gabon
+Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Togo
+Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
+			0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Angola
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
+			0:52:04	-	LMT	1911 Dec 31 23:00u # Luanda MT?
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zambia
+Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Equatorial Guinea
+#
+# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UT +00 to +01 on 1963-12-15,
+# a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
+# says that Spanish Guinea was at +01 back then.  The Shanks data entries
+# are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
+			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Lesotho
+Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Swaziland
+Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Somalia
+Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
+			3:00	-	EAT	1931
+			2:30	-	+0230	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Niger
+Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	-01	1934 Feb 26
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
+			 1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mauritania
+Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960 Nov 28
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Burkina Faso
+Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Benin
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mali (northern)
+Zone	Africa/Timbuktu	-0:12:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Anguilla
+Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Antigua and Barbuda
+Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	-	EST	1951
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Chubut, Argentina
+# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
+Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Aruba
+Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Cayman Is
+Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890     # Georgetown
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# United States
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
+# America/Chillicothe would be tricky, as it was a city of two-timers:
+# "To prevent a constant mixup at Chillicothe, caused by the courthouse
+#  clock running on central time and the city running on 'daylight saving'
+#  time, a third hand was added to the dial of the courthouse clock."
+# -- Ohio news in brief. The Cedarville Herald. 1920-05-21;43(21):1 (col. 5)
+# https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cedarville_herald/794
+
+# Canada
+Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Dominica
+Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Roseau
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Baja California
+# See 'northamerica' for why this entry is here rather than there.
+Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+
+# Grenada
+Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul # St George's
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Guadeloupe
+Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
+			-4:00	 -	AST
+
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto; see
+# America/Toronto.  However, earlier versions of the tz database
+# mistakenly relied on data from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec
+# differed from Ontario after 1970, and the following rules and zone
+# were created for most of Quebec from the incorrect Shanks &
+# Pottenger data.  The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
+# pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# Montserrat
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
+# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
+Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# United States
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
+# America/Palm_Springs would be tricky, as it kept two sets of clocks
+# in 1946/7.  See the following notes.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-01-19):
+# The shadow of Mt. San Jacinto brings darkness very early in the winter
+# months.  In 1946 the chamber of commerce decided to put the clocks of Palm
+# Springs forward by an hour in the winter.
+# https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2017/12/27/palm-springs-struggle-daylight-savings-time-and-idea-sun-time/984416001/
+# Desert Sun, Number 18, 1 November 1946
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461101
+# has proposal for meeting on front page and page 21.
+# Desert Sun, Number 19, 5 November 1946
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461105
+# reports that Sun Time won at the meeting on front page and page 5.
+# Desert Sun, Number 37, 7 January 1947
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470107.2.12
+# front page reports request to abandon Sun Time and page 7 notes a "class war".
+# Desert Sun, Number 38, 10 January 1947
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470110
+# front page reports on end.
+
+# Argentina
+# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
+# more detailed zones.
+# Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
+# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Rosario	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1894 Nov
+			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Jul
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3  0:00
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3  0:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2 # Basseterre
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Lucia
+Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890 # Castries
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912 # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Virgin Is
+Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Vincent and the Grenadines
+Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# British Virgin Is
+Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Road Town
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
+
+# Yemen
+# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
+# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
+Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Bahrain
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920     # Manamah
+			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# India
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 305 says that Madras
+# civil time was 5:20:57.3.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-21):
+# In tomorrow's The Hindu, Nitya Menon reports that India had two civil time
+# zones starting in 1884, one in Bombay and one in Calcutta, and that railways
+# used a third time zone based on Madras time (80° 18' 30" E).  Also,
+# in 1881 Bombay briefly switched to Madras time, but switched back.  See:
+# http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-when-madras-clocked-the-time/article6339393.ece
+#Zone	  Asia/Chennai  [not enough info to complete]
+
+# China
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928     # or Chungking
+			7:00	-	+07	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Link Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
+
+# Vietnam
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for this data.
+# Trần's book says the 1954-55 transition to 07:00 in Hanoi was in
+# October 1954, with exact date and time unspecified.
+Zone	Asia/Hanoi	7:03:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1954 Oct
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# China
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928     # or Haerbin
+			8:30	-	+0830	1932 Mar
+			8:00	-	CST	1940
+			9:00	-	+09	1966 May
+			8:30	-	+0830	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# far west China
+Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928     # or Kashi or Kaxgar
+			5:30	-	+0530	1940
+			5:00	-	+05	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# Kuwait
+Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+
+# Oman
+# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
+Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	+04
+
+# India
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Portuguese India switched to UT +05 on 1912-01-01.
+#Zone	Asia/Panaji	[not enough info to complete]
+
+# Cambodia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.  Also, guess
+# (1) Cambodia reverted to UT +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did, and
+# (2) they also reverted to +07 on 1953-11-09, the date of independence.
+# These guesses are probably wrong but they're better than guessing no
+# transitions there.
+Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1953 Nov  9
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Israel
+Zone	Asia/Tel_Aviv	2:19:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:21	-	JMT	1918
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+# Laos
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
+# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT +07 on 1955-04-15.
+# Also, guess that Laos reverted to +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
+# this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
+Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1955 Apr 15
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Jan Mayen
+# From Whitman:
+Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	-01
+
+# St Helena
+Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890 # Jamestown
+			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Northern Ireland
+Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+						# DMT = Dublin/Dunsink MT
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+						# IST = Irish Summer Time
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Guernsey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT is for Town Church, St. Peter Port, 49° 27' 17" N, 2° 32' 10" W.
+Zone	Europe/Guernsey	-0:10:09 -	LMT	1913 Jun 18
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Isle of Man
+#
+# From Lester Caine (2013-09-04):
+# The Isle of Man legislation is now on-line at
+# , starting with the original Statutory
+# Time Act in 1883 and including additional confirmation of some of
+# the dates of the 'Summer Time' orders originating at
+# Westminster.  There is a little uncertainty as to the starting date
+# of the first summer time in 1916 which may have been announced a
+# couple of days late.  There is still a substantial number of
+# documents to work through, but it is thought that every GB change
+# was also implemented on the island.
+#
+# AT4 of 1883 - The Statutory Time et cetera Act 1883 -
+# LMT Location - 54.1508N -4.4814E - Tynwald Hill ( Manx parliament )
+Zone Europe/Isle_of_Man	-0:17:55 -	LMT	1883 Mar 30  0:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Jersey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT is for Parish Church, St. Helier, 49° 11' 0.57" N, 2° 6' 24.33" W.
+Zone	Europe/Jersey	-0:08:26 -	LMT	1898 Jun 11 16:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Slovenia
+Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Macedonia
+Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Moldova / Transnistria
+Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+
+# Liechtenstein
+Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
+			1:00	-	CET	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Croatia
+Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Madagascar
+Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
+			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Comoros
+Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Mayotte
+Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+#
+# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
+# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
+# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
+# reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
+# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
+# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
+# designations that I've never seen before:....
+# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
+#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
+#
+Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	-11	1956 Jun  3
+			-11:00	1:00	-10	1956 Sep  2
+			-11:00	-	-11
+
+# N Mariana Is
+Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
+			 9:00	-	+09	1969 Oct
+			10:00	-	+10	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera b/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera
index a9ff729383..91ded935c4 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/etcetera
@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for ships at sea and other miscellany
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
 # people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
-# to a time zone that was right for their area.  These days, the
+# to a timezone that was right for their area.  These days, the
 # tz files cover almost all the inhabited world, and the only practical
 # need now for the entries that are not on UTC are for ships at sea
 # that cannot use POSIX TZ settings.
 
+# Starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001, the entries below are all
+# unnecessary as settings for the TZ environment variable.  E.g.,
+# instead of TZ='Etc/GMT+4' one can use the POSIX setting TZ='<-04>+4'.
+#
+# Do not use a POSIX TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours
+# behind GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
+
 Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT
 Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
 Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
 
 # The following link uses older naming conventions,
-# but it belongs here, not in the file `backward',
+# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
 # as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
 # We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
 Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
@@ -27,23 +35,13 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 
-# We use POSIX-style signs in the Zone names and the output abbreviations,
+# Be consistent with POSIX TZ settings in the Zone names,
 # even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
 # POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
 # positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
-# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UTC
+# the abbreviation "-04" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
 # (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
-# mean 4 hours ahead of UTC (i.e. east of Greenwich).
-#
-# In the draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x, the angle bracket notation allows for
-# TZ='+4'; if you want time zone abbreviations conforming to
-# ISO 8601 you can use TZ='<-0400>+4'.  Thus the commonly-expected
-# offset is kept within the angle bracket (and is used for display)
-# while the POSIX sign is kept outside the angle bracket (and is used
-# for calculation).
-#
-# Do not use a TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours behind
-# GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).
 
 # Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
 # and had lines such as
@@ -52,30 +50,31 @@ Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
 # way does a
 #		zic -l GMT-12
 # so we moved the names into the Etc subdirectory.
+# Also, the time zone abbreviations are now compatible with %z.
 
-Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	GMT-14	# 14 hours ahead of GMT
-Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	GMT-13
-Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	GMT-12
-Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	GMT-11
-Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	GMT-10
-Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	GMT-9
-Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	GMT-8
-Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	GMT-7
-Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	GMT-6
-Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	GMT-5
-Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	GMT-4
-Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	GMT-3
-Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	GMT-2
-Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	GMT-1
-Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	GMT+1
-Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	GMT+2
-Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	GMT+3
-Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	GMT+4
-Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	GMT+5
-Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	GMT+6
-Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	GMT+7
-Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	GMT+8
-Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	GMT+9
-Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	GMT+10
-Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	GMT+11
-Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	GMT+12
+Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	+14
+Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	+13
+Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	+12
+Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	+11
+Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	+10
+Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	+09
+Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	+08
+Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	+07
+Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	+06
+Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	+05
+Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	+04
+Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	+03
+Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	+02
+Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	+01
+Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	-01
+Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	-02
+Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	-03
+Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	-04
+Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	-05
+Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	-06
+Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	-07
+Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	-08
+Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	-09
+Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	-10
+Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	-11
+Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	-12
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/europe b/extra/zoneinfo/europe
index 5081a525ca..587f7b03cc 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/europe
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/europe
@@ -1,21 +1,29 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for Europe and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
@@ -26,45 +34,51 @@
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-#	.  He writes:
+#	.  He writes:
 #	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
 #	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
 #	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
 #
-#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
-#	
+#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
+#	https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
+#	The full Russian citation is:
+#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
+#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
+#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
+#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
+#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
+#
+#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
 #	History of Summer Time
-#	 (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
-
+#	
+#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 #
-# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
-# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
-# Corrections are welcome!
-#                   std dst  2dst
-#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
-#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
-#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
-#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
-#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
-#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
-#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
-#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
-#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
-#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
-#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
-#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
-#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
-#
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
+# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
+# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
+#                   std  dst  2dst
+#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
+#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
+#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
+#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
+#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
+#        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
+#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
+#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
+#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
+#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
+#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
+#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
+#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
 
-# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
-# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
+# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
@@ -96,7 +110,7 @@
 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 # of the text said:
 #
-# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
+# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
@@ -105,8 +119,8 @@
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
-# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
+# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
@@ -137,10 +151,24 @@
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
-# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
-# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
@@ -151,7 +179,7 @@
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
-# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
@@ -160,18 +188,20 @@
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
-#	-- 
-#	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
-#	
+#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
+#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
+#	https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
 
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
-# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
+# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
+# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
+# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
-#
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
@@ -198,8 +228,8 @@
 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 
 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
@@ -208,31 +238,22 @@
 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
-# so we use `BDST'.
+# so we use 'BDST'.
 
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
-# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
-# 
-# History of legal time in Britain
-# 
-# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
-# exists, and the article can now be found at:
-# 
-# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
-# 
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# 
-# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
-# .
+# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
@@ -260,20 +281,43 @@
 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 # we'll ignore it for now.
 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
 #
-#
-# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
-# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
-# to London.  For example:
+# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
+# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
 #
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+#
+# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
+# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
+#
+# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
+# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
+# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
+# .  Malone
+# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
+# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
+# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
+# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
+# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
+# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
+# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
+# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
+# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
+
+# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
+# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
+# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
+# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
+# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
+# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
+# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
-# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
-# various relating to legal time, for example:
+# Irish laws are available online at .
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
@@ -316,11 +360,33 @@
 
 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
-# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
+# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
+# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
+# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
+# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
+# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
+# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
+# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
+# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
+# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
+# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
+# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
+# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
+# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
+# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
+
+# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
+# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Summer Time Act, 1916
@@ -431,36 +497,73 @@ Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
+#
+# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s
+Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
+# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
+# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
+# and with tests for OpenJDK:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
+#
+# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
+# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
+# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
+# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
+# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
+# suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
+# values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
+# not rely on it.
+#
+# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
+# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
+# negative SAVE values are used.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
-			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
-			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+# The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
+			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
+# These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
+#			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+#			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+#			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Europe
 
-# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
-# Common Market, etc.
+# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
+# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
+# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
@@ -470,10 +573,9 @@ Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
-# 
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
-# 
+# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
@@ -496,18 +598,18 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
-# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
-#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
@@ -523,7 +625,7 @@ Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
-# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
+# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 # CET and MET:
 #
 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
@@ -550,31 +652,73 @@ Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 
+
+# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
+#
+# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
-Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
+#
+# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
+#
+# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
+#
+# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+#
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
+#
+# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
+#
+# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
+#
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
+# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
-# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
-Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
+Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
-Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1993	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
+# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
+# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
+#
+# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
+# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
+# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
+# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
+# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
+# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
+# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
+# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
+# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
+# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
+# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
+# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
+# rules (Moscow time)
+# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Unamended version of the act of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
+# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
+# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
+# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
@@ -582,14 +726,10 @@ Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
-# 
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
-# 
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# 
-# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
-# 
+# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
@@ -609,10 +749,10 @@ Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
-#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
-# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
@@ -667,7 +807,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
-			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
@@ -693,51 +833,52 @@ Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
-			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12 2:00s
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
 			1:00	-	CET	1946
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
+# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
+# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
+# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
+# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
+# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
+#
 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
-# 1.
-# 
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
-# 
-# 2.
-# 
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# 
-# 3.
-# 
-# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
-# 
+# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
+#
+# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
+# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
+# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
-			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
-			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			3:00	-	+03
 
 # Belgium
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
-#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
@@ -787,7 +928,7 @@ Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
-			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
 			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
@@ -797,14 +938,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
-# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
-# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
-# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
@@ -817,48 +958,61 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr 2 3:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
-			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
+			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Cyprus
-# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
+# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
-# Czech Republic
+# Czech Republic / Czechia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
+# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
+# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
+# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
+# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
-			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
+			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# End of rearguard section.
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
-# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
+# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequenet decrees with the law
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
@@ -873,7 +1027,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
@@ -897,11 +1051,11 @@ Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
-			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
 			 0:00	-	WET	1981
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 #
@@ -910,14 +1064,15 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
-# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
+# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
+# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
+# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
-# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 #  (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
@@ -952,16 +1107,16 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
-# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 #
-# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
-# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
@@ -970,11 +1125,17 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
-# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
-# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
+
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
+# "National Park" by Executive Order:
+# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
+# It is their only National Park.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -986,20 +1147,24 @@ Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
-			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
+			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
 			0:00	-	GMT
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
-			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
-			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
+			-2:00	-	-02	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-2:00	C-Eur	-02/-01	1981 Mar 29
+			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
 Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
-			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
+			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	-03/-02
 Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
 
 # Estonia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
@@ -1008,25 +1173,24 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
-# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
-# summer time next spring.''
+# summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
-# 
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
-# 
+# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
-# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
-# From The Baltic Times (1999-09-09)
+# From The Baltic Times  (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
@@ -1036,29 +1200,29 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # after that.
 
 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
-# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
-# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
 
 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
-# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
-			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
 			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
@@ -1068,7 +1232,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
 
-# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
+# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
 #
 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
@@ -1078,35 +1242,45 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
-#
-# 
-# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
-# 
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
-#
-# 
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
-# 
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
+# round to nearest.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
+			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
-# Aaland Is
+# Åland Is
 Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
@@ -1114,18 +1288,18 @@ Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
-# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
-# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
-# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
-# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
 
 
 #
-# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
@@ -1162,16 +1336,16 @@ Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
-# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
-# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
-# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
-# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
-# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
@@ -1192,7 +1366,7 @@ Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
@@ -1207,20 +1381,18 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
-# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
+# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
 
-# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# 
-# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
+# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
-# 
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
-# 
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
-# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
+# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1242,23 +1414,23 @@ Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24 2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
 			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
-# Busingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Büsingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
 #
-# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
-# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
 
 Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
 
@@ -1269,8 +1441,8 @@ Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
 
 # Gibraltar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2 0:00s
-			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
+			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1982
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1301,24 +1473,29 @@ Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
-			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
+			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
 			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
-			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
+			# go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1334,7 +1511,7 @@ Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1368,36 +1545,33 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
 # might mean something else (???).
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
-# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
-# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
+# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
+# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
-# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
+Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
+# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
-			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
-			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
+Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
+			-1:00	Iceland	-01/+00	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
@@ -1409,74 +1583,84 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
 # so record only the time in Rome.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
-# F. Pollastri
-# 
-# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
-# 
-# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
-# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
+# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
+# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
+# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
+# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
+# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
 #
-# year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
-# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
-#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
-#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
-# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
-#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
-# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
-#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
-#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
-#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
-# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
-#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
+# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
+# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
+# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
+# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
+# (2016-10-24):
+# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
+# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
+# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
+# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
+# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
+# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
+# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
+# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
+# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
+# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
+# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
+# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
+# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
+# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
+# was effectively controlled by Germany.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Oct	 6	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1966	only	-	Sep	24	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1967	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
-			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
-			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
+			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1492,21 +1676,21 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
 #
-# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
-# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
 #
-# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
-# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
 #
-# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
-# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
@@ -1522,18 +1706,18 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
-# 
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
-# 29-Feb-2000 (#79), in Latvian for subscribers only).
+# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) ,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
-# 
-# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
-# 
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
 # clocks one hour in the spring....
-# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
@@ -1543,31 +1727,51 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
-			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
+Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
 			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
-			1:00	-	CET	1981
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
+# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
+# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
+# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
+#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
+#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
+#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
+#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
+#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
+
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+
 
 # Lithuania
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
@@ -1576,7 +1780,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
-# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) ,
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
@@ -1585,9 +1789,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
-# From the 
-# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
-#  (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+#  (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
@@ -1600,18 +1804,18 @@ Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
-			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
-			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
-			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31 1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
@@ -1645,16 +1849,20 @@ Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
-			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
-			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
-			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
+			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Malta
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
+# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
@@ -1664,15 +1872,23 @@ Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
-			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
+Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
 			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Moldova
 
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
+# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
+# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
+# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
+# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
+# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
+# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
+# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
@@ -1681,7 +1897,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
-# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
@@ -1690,13 +1906,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
-# 
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
-# 
-#
-# 
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
-# 
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
@@ -1714,10 +1925,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
-# 
-# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
-# 
+# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
 
+# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
+# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
+# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
+# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
+# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
+# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
+# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
@@ -1726,26 +1947,24 @@ Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 May 6
-			2:00	-	EET	1991
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
-			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Montenegro
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Netherlands
 
@@ -1784,8 +2003,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time.
 
-# The data before 1945 are taken from
-# .
+# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
@@ -1811,13 +2030,13 @@ Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 #
-# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
+# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
-			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			0:20	Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -1847,31 +2066,31 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
+#  and
+# ).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# ) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
 #
 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
 # keeping Berlin time.
 #
-#  says that the meteorologists
+#  says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
-# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
@@ -1880,16 +2099,19 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 #  says that the Germans were
 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
-# 
+# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
 #
-# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
-# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
-# war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
+# for these regions.
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+#  pp 1-2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1900,9 +2122,9 @@ Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
-# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
-# 
-# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
@@ -1922,17 +2144,29 @@ Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
-			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
 			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
-			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Portugal
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
+# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett....
 #
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
+# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
+# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
+# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
+# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
+
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
@@ -1947,7 +2181,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
-# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
+# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
@@ -2012,35 +2246,52 @@ Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
-# Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
-Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
-			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
+Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
-			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
-			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
-			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
-			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
-			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
-			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
-			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			-1:00	W-Eur	-01/+00	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
+			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
-# 
-# Nine O'clock (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# Nine O'clock 
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
@@ -2057,32 +2308,28 @@ Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
-			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
-			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
+
 # Russia
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
-# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
+# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
 # (Government document
-# 
 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
-# 
 # in Russian)
 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
-# 
 
 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
-# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
-# 
+# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
 
@@ -2091,47 +2338,59 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # changed in September 2011:
 #
 # One source is
-# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
-# 
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
-# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
+# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# 
-# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
-# 
+# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
-# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
+# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# 
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
-# 
-# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
 #
 # The Wikipedia article refers to
-# 
 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
-# 
 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
 #
 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
-# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
-# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
 #
 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
 #
 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
@@ -2144,7 +2403,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
-# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
@@ -2156,9 +2415,9 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
-# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
-# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
@@ -2169,107 +2428,570 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+
+# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
+# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
 #
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
+# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
+# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
+# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
+# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
+# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
+# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
+# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
+# Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
+# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
 #
-# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
+# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
+# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
+# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
+# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
+# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
+# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
+# exceptions grew considerably.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
+# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
+# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
+# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
+# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
+# ...
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
+# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
+# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
+
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
+# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
+# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
+# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
+# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
+# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
+# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
+# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
+# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
+# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
+# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
+# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
+# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
+# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
+# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
+# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
+# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
+# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
+# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
+# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
+# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
+# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
+# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
+# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
+# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
+# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
+# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
+# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
+# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
+# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
+# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
+# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
+# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
+# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
+# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
+# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
+# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
+# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
+# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
+# Wikipedia refers to
+# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
+# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
-# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
-# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
-# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
-# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
-# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
-# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
-# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
-# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
-# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
-# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
-# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
-# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
-# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
-# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
-# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
-# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
-# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
-Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
-			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
+# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
+# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
+# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
+# time belt changes map).
+#
+# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
+# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
+# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
+# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
+# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
+# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
+# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
+# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
+# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
+# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
+# is also provided.
+#
+# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
+# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
+# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
+# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
+# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
+# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
+# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
+# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
+# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
+# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
+# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
+# time.
+#
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
+# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
+# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
+# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
+#
+# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
+#
+# 12. Udmurtia
+# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
+# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
+# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
+# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
+#
+# ...
+#
+# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
+# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
+# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
+#
+# There were some exceptions, though.
+# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
+# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
+# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
+# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
+#
+# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
+# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
+# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
+# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
+# 2 days before the switch.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
+# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
+# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
+# time in Moscow.
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
+# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
+# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	MSK
-#
-# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
-# Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
-# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
-# others?  But we have no data.
-Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
-			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
-			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
-			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
-			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	VOLT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
-Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
-			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
-			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
-			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
-			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
-			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
-			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	SAMT
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
 
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
-# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
-# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
-# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
-			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
-			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	YEKT	# Yekaterinburg Time
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
+# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
+# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
+# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
-Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
-			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
-			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	OMST
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
+# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
+# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
+# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
+
+Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers:
+# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
+# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
+
+# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
+# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
+# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
+# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
-# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
-# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
-			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
+# The law has been published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
+
+Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
+# Europe/Saratov covers:
+# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
+
+# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
+# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
+# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
+
+Zone Europe/Saratov	 3:04:18 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Dec  4  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Kirov covers:
+# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
+Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
+# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
+# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
+
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
+# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
+# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
+
+Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
+# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
+# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
+# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
+# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+#
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
+# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
+# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
+
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
+			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
+			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 5:00	-	+05
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
+
+Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
+			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Barnaul covers:
+# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
+# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
+
+# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
+# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
+# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
+# 1995-05-28.
+#
+# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
+# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
+# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
+# after 1957: UT+7
+# since 1995: UT+6
+# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
+# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
+# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
+# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
+# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
+
+Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
+# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
+# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
+# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
+
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Tomsk covers:
+# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
+# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
+
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
+# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
+# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
+# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
+# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
+# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
+# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
+# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
+# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
+# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
+# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
+# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
+# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
+# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
+# recent changes).
+#
+# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
+# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
+# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
+# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
+# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
+# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
+# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
+# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
+
+Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
@@ -2277,182 +2999,361 @@ Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
 #
-# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
+# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
-# 
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
-# 
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
-# 
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
+Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
+# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
 #
-# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
-# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
 
-Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	NMT	1920 Jan  6
-			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
 
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
-# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
-			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 8:00	-	KRAT
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
+			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
-# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
-			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
-			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 9:00	-	IRKT
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
+# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
+# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
+# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
+
+Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
+# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
+# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
+# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
+# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11	****	Gorny District
+# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
+# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14	****	Lensky District
+# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
+# 14-18	****	Namsky District
+# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
+# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
+# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
+# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
-# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
-# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
-# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
-# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
-# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
-# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
-# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
 
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 10:00	-	YAKT
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
+# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
-			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	VLAT
+# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
+# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
 # in 2011.
-#
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
-#
+
 Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
-			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
-			10:00	-	YAKT
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09
 
-#
-# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
-# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
-			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
-			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
-			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
-			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			11:00	-	SAKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
+# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
+# ... signed by the President today ...
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
-# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	MAGT
+			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
+# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17	****	Momsky District
+# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
+#
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
+#
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
+# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
-Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
-			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
-			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
-			11:00	-	VLAT
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
 #
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
-			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
-			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	PETT
-#
-# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
+			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
-			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
-			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-			12:00	-	ANAT
+			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
+			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+
+# San Marino
+# See Europe/Rome.
 
 # Serbia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 May 8 2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
@@ -2465,50 +3366,82 @@ Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# see Serbia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Spain
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
+#
+# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
+# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
+# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
+# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
+# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
+# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
+#
+# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
+# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
+# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
+# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
+# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
+# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
+# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
+# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
+# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
+# says in its article 5 (my translation):
+# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
+# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
+# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
-Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
+# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Jun	16	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	2:00	M
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00	1:00	S
+# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
+#
+# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
+# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
+# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
+# change during that period.
+#
+# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
+#Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Oct	 7	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1943	1944	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Oct	 2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=12	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
-# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
+Rule	Spain	1977	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
+#Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
+#Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
+#Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
+# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
+# except with "S" letters.
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2519,22 +3452,23 @@ Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
-			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
+Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
 			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
-Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
+Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
 			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1924
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
-			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
+			 0:00	-	WET	1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
+			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
-			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
-			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
-			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
+			-1:00	-	-01	1946 Sep 30  1:00
+			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
@@ -2543,18 +3477,18 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
-# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
 #
-# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
@@ -2562,7 +3496,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
@@ -2572,7 +3506,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish):  (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sok-button).
+# the Sök-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
@@ -2587,9 +3521,9 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
-			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1	# Swedish Time
+			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1 01:00
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
@@ -2597,9 +3531,9 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
-# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
+# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
@@ -2613,7 +3547,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
-# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
@@ -2632,7 +3566,7 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
-# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
@@ -2644,44 +3578,76 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
-# most users of tzdata:
-# The zone file
-# Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
-#                          0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
-#                          1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
-#                          1:00    EU      CE%sT
+# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
-# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
+# The Federal regulations say
+# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
+# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
+
+# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
+# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
+# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
+# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
+# hour before the beginning of service.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
+# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
+#
+# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
+# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
+#
+#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
+#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
+#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
+#
+# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
+# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
+# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
+# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
+# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
+# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
+# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
+# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
+# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
-			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
+			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Turkey
 
-# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
-# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
-# ... The latest rules are available at -
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
-# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
-# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
-# what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
-# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
-# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
+# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
+#    no exceptions.
+# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
+# Here are official papers:
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
+# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
@@ -2693,19 +3659,59 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
-# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
-#
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
-#
-# 
-# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
-# 
+# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
 # Turkish:
-# 
-# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
-# 
+# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
+
+# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
+# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
+# Turkish Local election....
+# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
+# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
+
+# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
+# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
+# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
+# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
+#
+# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
+# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
+# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
+# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
+
+# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
+# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
+# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
+# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
+
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
+# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
+# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
+# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
+# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
+# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2761,28 +3767,33 @@ Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1991	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
-			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
+			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1985 Apr 20
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 1:00u
-			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
+			3:00	-	+03
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 #
-# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
-# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
-# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
+# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
@@ -2791,23 +3802,17 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
 #
-# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
+# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
-# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
-# 
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
-# 
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
-# 
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
-# 
-# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
-# 
+# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
@@ -2815,38 +3820,77 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # time this year after all.
 #
 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
-# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
+# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
 # to Russia) was reverted today:
-#
-# 
 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
-# 
 #
 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
 # The law documents themselves are at
-#
-# 
 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
-# 
 
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
+#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
+#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
+#
+# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
+# "summer time" was still in action):
+#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
+#
+# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
+#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+#
+# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
+#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
+# This is an answer.
+#
+# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
+#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
+#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
+# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
+# For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
+# English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
+# transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ".  This is similar to tzdb's use of
+# Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
+# "Praha".  ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
+# came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
+# in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
+# controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
+# English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
+# means less disruption for our users.
+#
+# Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
+# Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
+# Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA).  This pronunciation has nothing like an
+# English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
+# would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
+# "Kuiyu".  Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
+# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
-# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Kiev" is more common in English.
+# This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	-	CET	1940
@@ -2854,8 +3898,8 @@ Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31 3:00
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
@@ -2865,38 +3909,16 @@ Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
 # portable Posix file names.
 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
+			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
-Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
-			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
-# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
-# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
-			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
-			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
-# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
-			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Vatican City
+# See Europe/Rome.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -2917,7 +3939,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # ...
 #
 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
-# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
+# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
@@ -2925,7 +3947,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
-# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/factory b/extra/zoneinfo/factory
index d29a5857f7..d4e76599cd 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/factory
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/factory
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for noncommittal factory settings
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# For companies who don't want to put time zone specification in
-# their installation procedures.  When users run date, they'll get the message.
-# Also useful for the "comp.sources" version.
+# For distributors who don't want to specify a timezone in their
+# installation procedures.  Users who run 'date' will get the
+# time zone abbreviation "-00", indicating that the actual time zone
+# is unknown.
 
 # Zone	NAME	GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT
-Zone	Factory	0	- "Local time zone must be set--see zic manual page"
+Zone	Factory	0	-	-00
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab b/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
index b952ca1c59..c2e0f8eafc 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 # ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-09-27):
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-02):
+# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
+# separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+# All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
 # 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
-#     ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-1 (2007-09-21).  See:
-#     
-#     ISO 3166 Maintenance agency (ISO 3166/MA)
-#     .
-# 2.  The usual English name for the country,
+#     ISO 3166-1 N905 (2016-11-15).  See: Updates on ISO 3166-1
+#     http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/Open/16944257
+# 2.  The usual English name for the coded region,
 #     chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
 #     This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted by country code.
 #
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
-#
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-08-17):
-# Resynchronized today with the ISO 3166 site (adding SS for South Sudan).
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
-#code	country name
+#code	name of country, territory, area, or subdivision
 AD	Andorra
 AE	United Arab Emirates
 AF	Afghanistan
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ AS	Samoa (American)
 AT	Austria
 AU	Australia
 AW	Aruba
-AX	Aaland Islands
+AX	Åland Islands
 AZ	Azerbaijan
 BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
 BB	Barbados
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ BL	St Barthelemy
 BM	Bermuda
 BN	Brunei
 BO	Bolivia
-BQ	Bonaire Sint Eustatius & Saba
+BQ	Caribbean NL
 BR	Brazil
 BS	Bahamas
 BT	Bhutan
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ CD	Congo (Dem. Rep.)
 CF	Central African Rep.
 CG	Congo (Rep.)
 CH	Switzerland
-CI	Cote d'Ivoire
+CI	Côte d'Ivoire
 CK	Cook Islands
 CL	Chile
 CM	Cameroon
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ CO	Colombia
 CR	Costa Rica
 CU	Cuba
 CV	Cape Verde
-CW	Curacao
+CW	Curaçao
 CX	Christmas Island
 CY	Cyprus
 CZ	Czech Republic
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ MA	Morocco
 MC	Monaco
 MD	Moldova
 ME	Montenegro
-MF	St Martin (French part)
+MF	St Martin (French)
 MG	Madagascar
 MH	Marshall Islands
 MK	Macedonia
@@ -212,7 +210,7 @@ PT	Portugal
 PW	Palau
 PY	Paraguay
 QA	Qatar
-RE	Reunion
+RE	Réunion
 RO	Romania
 RS	Serbia
 RU	Russia
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ SR	Suriname
 SS	South Sudan
 ST	Sao Tome & Principe
 SV	El Salvador
-SX	Sint Maarten
+SX	St Maarten (Dutch)
 SY	Syria
 SZ	Swaziland
 TC	Turks & Caicos Is
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list b/extra/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf54b9aa3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#
+#	In the following text, the symbol '#' introduces
+#	a comment, which continues from that symbol until
+#	the end of the line. A plain comment line has a
+#	whitespace character following the comment indicator.
+#	There are also special comment lines defined below.
+#	A special comment will always have a non-whitespace
+#	character in column 2.
+#
+#	A blank line should be ignored.
+#
+#	The following table shows the corrections that must
+#	be applied to compute International Atomic Time (TAI)
+#	from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) values that
+#	are transmitted by almost all time services.
+#
+#	The first column shows an epoch as a number of seconds
+#	since 1 January 1900, 00:00:00 (1900.0 is also used to
+#	indicate the same epoch.) Both of these time stamp formats
+#	ignore the complexities of the time scales that were
+#	used before the current definition of UTC at the start
+#	of 1972. (See note 3 below.)
+#	The second column shows the number of seconds that
+#	must be added to UTC to compute TAI for any timestamp
+#	at or after that epoch. The value on each line is
+#	valid from the indicated initial instant until the
+#	epoch given on the next one or indefinitely into the
+#	future if there is no next line.
+#	(The comment on each line shows the representation of
+#	the corresponding initial epoch in the usual
+#	day-month-year format. The epoch always begins at
+#	00:00:00 UTC on the indicated day. See Note 5 below.)
+#
+#	Important notes:
+#
+#	1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is often referred to
+#	as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The GMT time scale is no
+#	longer used, and the use of GMT to designate UTC is
+#	discouraged.
+#
+#	2. The UTC time scale is realized by many national
+#	laboratories and timing centers. Each laboratory
+#	identifies its realization with its name: Thus
+#	UTC(NIST), UTC(USNO), etc. The differences among
+#	these different realizations are typically on the
+#	order of a few nanoseconds (i.e., 0.000 000 00x s)
+#	and can be ignored for many purposes. These differences
+#	are tabulated in Circular T, which is published monthly
+#	by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
+#	(BIPM). See www.bipm.org for more information.
+#
+#	3. The current definition of the relationship between UTC
+#	and TAI dates from 1 January 1972. A number of different
+#	time scales were in use before that epoch, and it can be
+#	quite difficult to compute precise timestamps and time
+#	intervals in those "prehistoric" days. For more information,
+#	consult:
+#
+#		The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
+#		Ephemeris.
+#	or
+#		Terry Quinn, "The BIPM and the Accurate Measurement
+#		of Time," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 894-905,
+#		July, 1991. 
+#		reprinted in: 
+#		   Christine Hackman and Donald B Sullivan (eds.)
+#		   Time and Frequency Measurement
+#		   American Association of Physics Teachers (1996)
+#		   , pp. 75-86
+#
+#	4. The decision to insert a leap second into UTC is currently
+#	the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation and
+#	Reference Systems Service. (The name was changed from the
+#	International Earth Rotation Service, but the acronym IERS
+#	is still used.)
+#
+#	Leap seconds are announced by the IERS in its Bulletin C.
+#
+#	See www.iers.org for more details.
+#
+#	Every national laboratory and timing center uses the
+#	data from the BIPM and the IERS to construct UTC(lab),
+#	their local realization of UTC.
+#
+#	Although the definition also includes the possibility
+#	of dropping seconds ("negative" leap seconds), this has
+#	never been done and is unlikely to be necessary in the
+#	foreseeable future.
+#
+#	5. If your system keeps time as the number of seconds since
+#	some epoch (e.g., NTP timestamps), then the algorithm for
+#	assigning a UTC time stamp to an event that happens during a positive
+#	leap second is not well defined. The official name of that leap
+#	second is 23:59:60, but there is no way of representing that time
+#	in these systems.
+#	Many systems of this type effectively stop the system clock for
+#	one second during the leap second and use a time that is equivalent
+#	to 23:59:59 UTC twice. For these systems, the corresponding TAI
+#	timestamp would be obtained by advancing to the next entry in the
+#	following table when the time equivalent to 23:59:59 UTC
+#	is used for the second time. Thus the leap second which
+#	occurred on 30 June 1972 at 23:59:59 UTC would have TAI
+#	timestamps computed as follows:
+#
+#	...
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785599,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600)		TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	If your system realizes the leap second by repeating 00:00:00 UTC twice
+#	(this is possible but not usual), then the advance to the next entry
+#	in the table must occur the second time that a time equivalent to
+#	00:00:00 UTC is used. Thus, using the same example as above:
+#
+#	...
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599):		TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785600, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	in both cases the use of timestamps based on TAI produces a smooth
+#	time scale with no discontinuity in the time interval. However,
+#	although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct in both
+#	methods, the second method is technically not correct because it adds
+#	the extra second to the wrong day.
+#
+#	This complexity would not be needed for negative leap seconds (if they
+#	are ever used). The UTC time would skip 23:59:59 and advance from
+#	23:59:58 to 00:00:00 in that case. The TAI offset would decrease by
+#	1 second at the same instant. This is a much easier situation to deal
+#	with, since the difficulty of unambiguously representing the epoch
+#	during the leap second does not arise.
+#
+#	Some systems implement leap seconds by amortizing the leap second
+#	over the last few minutes of the day. The frequency of the local
+#	clock is decreased (or increased) to realize the positive (or
+#	negative) leap second. This method removes the time step described
+#	above. Although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct
+#	in this case, this method introduces an error during the adjustment
+#	period both in time and in frequency with respect to the official
+#	definition of UTC.
+#
+#	Questions or comments to:
+#		Judah Levine
+#		Time and Frequency Division
+#		NIST
+#		Boulder, Colorado
+#		Judah.Levine@nist.gov
+#
+#	Last Update of leap second values:   8 July 2016
+#
+#	The following line shows this last update date in NTP timestamp
+#	format. This is the date on which the most recent change to
+#	the leap second data was added to the file. This line can
+#	be identified by the unique pair of characters in the first two
+#	columns as shown below.
+#
+#$	 3676924800
+#
+#	The NTP timestamps are in units of seconds since the NTP epoch,
+#	which is 1 January 1900, 00:00:00. The Modified Julian Day number
+#	corresponding to the NTP time stamp, X, can be computed as
+#
+#	X/86400 + 15020
+#
+#	where the first term converts seconds to days and the second
+#	term adds the MJD corresponding to the time origin defined above.
+#	The integer portion of the result is the integer MJD for that
+#	day, and any remainder is the time of day, expressed as the
+#	fraction of the day since 0 hours UTC. The conversion from day
+#	fraction to seconds or to hours, minutes, and seconds may involve
+#	rounding or truncation, depending on the method used in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#	The data in this file will be updated periodically as new leap
+#	seconds are announced. In addition to being entered on the line
+#	above, the update time (in NTP format) will be added to the basic
+#	file name leap-seconds to form the name leap-seconds..
+#	In addition, the generic name leap-seconds.list will always point to
+#	the most recent version of the file.
+#
+#	This update procedure will be performed only when a new leap second
+#	is announced.
+#
+#	The following entry specifies the expiration date of the data
+#	in this file in units of seconds since the origin at the instant
+#	1 January 1900, 00:00:00. This expiration date will be changed
+#	at least twice per year whether or not a new leap second is
+#	announced. These semi-annual changes will be made no later
+#	than 1 June and 1 December of each year to indicate what
+#	action (if any) is to be taken on 30 June and 31 December,
+#	respectively. (These are the customary effective dates for new
+#	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
+#	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
+#	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
+#	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
+#	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
+#	announced or at least one month before the effective date
+#	(whichever is later).
+#	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
+#	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
+#	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
+#	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
+#	will not change.
+#
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C56
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2019
+#
+#@	3770668800
+#
+2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
+2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
+2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
+2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
+2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
+2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
+2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
+2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
+2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
+2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
+2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
+2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
+2634854400	22	# 1 Jul 1983
+2698012800	23	# 1 Jul 1985
+2776982400	24	# 1 Jan 1988
+2840140800	25	# 1 Jan 1990
+2871676800	26	# 1 Jan 1991
+2918937600	27	# 1 Jul 1992
+2950473600	28	# 1 Jul 1993
+2982009600	29	# 1 Jul 1994
+3029443200	30	# 1 Jan 1996
+3076704000	31	# 1 Jul 1997
+3124137600	32	# 1 Jan 1999
+3345062400	33	# 1 Jan 2006
+3439756800	34	# 1 Jan 2009
+3550089600	35	# 1 Jul 2012
+3644697600	36	# 1 Jul 2015
+3692217600	37	# 1 Jan 2017
+#
+#	the following special comment contains the
+#	hash value of the data in this file computed
+#	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
+#	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
+#	the details of how this hash value is
+#	computed. Note that the hash computation
+#	ignores comments and whitespace characters
+#	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
+#	of both the last modification time and the
+#	expiration time of the file, but not the
+#	white space on those lines.
+#	the hash line is also ignored in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#h 	62ca19f6 96a4ae0a 3708451c 9f8693f4 016604eb
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds b/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds
index 5b5c70eb6b..325f3a1d13 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/leapseconds
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file.
 
-# Allowance for leapseconds added to each timezone file.
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
+# leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
+# 
+# or 
+# or .
+# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
+# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
+# .
+
+# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
+# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
+# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space)
+# and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file
+# .
+# See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second.
+# URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995
+# .
 
-# The International Earth Rotation Service periodically uses leap seconds
-# to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
-# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see
-# Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
-# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905.
 # There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism
 # accounting for the discrepancy between atomic time and the earth's rotation
-# did not exist until the early 1970s.
+# did not exist.  The first ("1 Jan 1972") data line in leap-seconds.list
+# does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition
+# of UTC.
 
 # The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so lines
 # will typically look like:
@@ -19,10 +32,7 @@
 # or
 #	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S
 
-# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time
-# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC
-
-# Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S
+# If the leap second is Rolling (R) the given time is local time (unused here).
 Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1972	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1973	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
@@ -48,53 +58,12 @@ Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 
-# INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS SERVICE (IERS)
-#
-# SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE ET DES SYSTEMES DE REFERENCE
-#
-#
-# SERVICE DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE
-# OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS
-# 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France)
-# Tel.      : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26
-# FAX       : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91
-# e-mail    : (E-Mail Removed)
-# http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc
-#
-# Paris, 5 January 2012
-#
-#
-# Bulletin C 43
-#
-# To authorities responsible
-# for the measurement and
-# distribution of time
-#
-#
-# UTC TIME STEP
-# on the 1st of July 2012
-#
-#
-# A positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 2012.
-# The sequence of dates of the UTC second markers will be:
-#
-#                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 59s
-#                          2012 June 30,     23h 59m 60s
-#                          2012 July  1,      0h  0m  0s
-#
-# The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is:
-#
-# from 2009 January 1, 0h UTC, to 2012 July 1  0h UTC  : UTC-TAI = - 34s
-# from 2012 July 1,    0h UTC, until further notice    : UTC-TAI = - 35s
-#
-# Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December
-# or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every
-# six months, either to announce a time step in UTC or to confirm that there
-# will be no time step at the next possible date.
-#
-#
-# Daniel GAMBIS
-# Head
-# Earth Orientation Center of IERS
-# Observatoire de Paris, France
+# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
+#updated 1467936000
+#expires 1561680000
+
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C56
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2019
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica b/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica
index 1964903ebb..faaf97920e 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/northamerica
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for North and Central America and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # also includes Central America and the Caribbean
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
@@ -20,12 +22,35 @@
 # Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
 # Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
 # Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
-# His pamphlet ``A System of National Time for Railroads'' (1870)
+# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
 # was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
 # in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
 # but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
-# His proposal was adopted by the railroads on 1883-11-18 at 12:00,
-# and the most of the country soon followed suit.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# Dowd's proposal left many details unresolved, such as where to draw
+# lines between time zones.  The key individual who made time zones
+# work in the US was William Frederick Allen - railway engineer,
+# managing editor of the Travelers' Guide, and secretary of the
+# General Time Convention, a railway standardization group.  Allen
+# spent months in dialogs with scientific and railway leaders,
+# developed a workable plan to institute time zones, and presented it
+# to the General Time Convention on 1883-04-11, saying that his plan
+# meant "local time would be practically abolished" - a plus for
+# railway scheduling.  By the next convention on 1883-10-11 nearly all
+# railroads had agreed and it took effect on 1883-11-18.  That Sunday
+# was called the "day of two noons", as some locations observed noon
+# twice.  Allen witnessed the transition in New York City, writing:
+#
+#   I heard the bells of St. Paul's strike on the old time.  Four
+#   minutes later, obedient to the electrical signal from the Naval
+#   Observatory ... the time-ball made its rapid descent, the chimes
+#   of old Trinity rang twelve measured strokes, and local time was
+#   abandoned, probably forever.
+#
+# Most of the US soon followed suit.  See:
+# Bartky IR. The adoption of standard time. Technol Cult 1989 Jan;30(1):25-56.
+# https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105430
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-04-16):
 # That 1883 transition occurred at 12:00 new time, not at 12:00 old time.
@@ -40,8 +65,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
-# in his whimsical essay ``An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
-# of Light'' published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
+# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
 # Not everyone is happy with the results:
 #
 #	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
@@ -55,13 +80,13 @@
 #	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
 #	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
 #
-#	-- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
+#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
 #	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
 #
 # For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
-# Robert Garland's 
-# Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
-# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html
 #
 # Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
 # However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
@@ -80,11 +105,14 @@
 # From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
 # Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
 # In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
-# An AltaVista search turned up
-# :
+# An AltaVista search turned up:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20000926032210/http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
 # "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
 # Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
-#  (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-09-23):
+# This was the V-J Day issue of the Clamdigger, a Rowayton, CT newsletter.
 
 # From Joseph Gallant citing
 # George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
@@ -124,7 +152,7 @@ Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
 Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
-Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -154,22 +182,6 @@ Zone	CST6CDT		 -6:00	US	C%sT
 Zone	MST7MDT		 -7:00	US	M%sT
 Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# ...Alaska (and Hawaii) had the timezone names changed in 1967.
-#    old			 new
-#    Pacific Standard Time(PST)  -same-
-#    Yukon Standard Time(YST)    -same-
-#    Central Alaska S.T. (CAT)   Alaska-Hawaii St[an]dard Time (AHST)
-#    Nome Standard Time (NT)     Bering Standard Time (BST)
-#
-# ...Alaska's timezone lines were redrawn in 1983 to give only 2 tz.
-#    The YST zone now covers nearly all of the state, AHST just part
-#    of the Aleutian islands.   No DST.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# The tables below use `NST', not `NT', for Nome Standard Time.
-# I invented `CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
-
 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 # USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
 # USA  EASTERN       4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
@@ -182,7 +194,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
 # USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
 # USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
-# USA  - " -         9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
 # USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
 # USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY
 
@@ -226,28 +238,48 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 #	Samoa standard time
 # The law doesn't give abbreviations.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-19):
+# Here are URLs for the 1918 and 1966 legislation:
+# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=40&page=451
+# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=80&page=108
+# Although the 1918 names were officially "United States Standard
+# Eastern Time" and similarly for "Central", "Mountain", "Pacific",
+# and "Alaska", in practice "Standard" was placed just before "Time",
+# as codified in 1966.  In practice, Alaska time was abbreviated "AST"
+# before 1968.  Summarizing the 1967 name changes:
+#	1918 names			1967 names
+#  -08	Standard Pacific Time (PST)	Pacific standard time (PST)
+#  -09	(unofficial) Yukon (YST)	Yukon standard time (YST)
+#  -10	Standard Alaska Time (AST)	Alaska-Hawaii standard time (AHST)
+#  -11	(unofficial) Nome (NST)		Bering standard time (BST)
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08), following a heads-up from Rives McDow:
-# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced the abbreviation
-# "Chamorro Standard Time" for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.
-# See the file "australasia".
+# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced ... "Chamorro Standard Time"
+# for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.  See the file "australasia".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-17):
+# HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
+# standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
+# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
 
 # From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
 # The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
 #
 # H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
-#   (a) Amendment- Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
+#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
 #   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
-#     (1) by striking `first Sunday of April' and inserting `second
-#     Sunday of March'; and
-#     (2) by striking `last Sunday of October' and inserting `first
+#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
+#     Sunday of March"; and
+#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
 #     Sunday of November'.
-#   (b) Effective Date- Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
+#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
 #   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
-#   (c) Report to Congress- Not later than 9 months after the effective
+#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
 #   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
 #   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
 #   States.
-#   (d) Right to Revert- Congress retains the right to revert the
+#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
 #   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
 #   Department study is complete.
 
@@ -269,13 +301,28 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-26):
 # According to today's Huntsville Times
-# 
+# http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/1125047783228320.xml&coll=1
 # a few towns on Alabama's "eastern border with Georgia, such as Phenix City
 # in Russell County, Lanett in Chambers County and some towns in Lee County,
 # set their watches and clocks on Eastern time."  It quotes H.H. "Bubba"
 # Roberts, city administrator in Phenix City. as saying "We are in the Central
 # time zone, but we do go by the Eastern time zone because so many people work
 # in Columbus."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
+# Four cities are involved.  The two not mentioned above are Smiths Station
+# and Valley.  Barbara Brooks, Valley's assistant treasurer, heard it started
+# because West Point Pepperell textile mills were in Alabama while the
+# corporate office was in Georgia, and residents voted to keep Eastern
+# time even after the mills closed.  See: Kazek K. Did you know which
+# Alabama towns are in a different time zone?  al.com 2017-02-06.
+# http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2017/02/do_you_know_which_alabama_town.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
+# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
+# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.  Round to the
+# nearest second.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -302,8 +349,20 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
 # western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-07):
+# In 1869 the Chicago Astronomical Society contracted with the city to keep
+# time.  Though delayed by the Great Fire, by 1880 a wire ran from the
+# Dearborn Observatory (on the University of Chicago campus) to City Hall,
+# which then sent signals to police and fire stations.  However, railroads got
+# their time signals from the Allegheny Observatory, the Madison Observatory,
+# the Ann Arbor Observatory, etc., so their clocks did not agree with each
+# other or with the city's official time.  The confusion took some years to
+# clear up.  See:
+# Moser M. How Chicago gave America its time zones. Chicago. 2018-01-04.
+# http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/January-2018/How-Chicago-Gave-America-Its-Time-Zones/
+
 # From Larry M. Smith (2006-04-26) re Wisconsin:
-# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0175.pdf ...
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/175.pdf
 # is currently enforced at the 01:00 time of change.  Because the local
 # "bar time" in the state corresponds to 02:00, a number of citations
 # are issued for the "sale of class 'B' alcohol after prohibited
@@ -312,7 +371,17 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # From Douglas R. Bomberg (2007-03-12):
 # Wisconsin has enacted (nearly eleventh-hour) legislation to get WI
 # Statue 175 closer in synch with the US Congress' intent....
-# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2007/data/acts/07Act3.pdf
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2007/related/acts/3
+
+# From an email administrator of the City of Fort Pierre, SD (2015-12-21):
+# Fort Pierre is technically located in the Mountain time zone as is
+# the rest of Stanley County.  Most of Stanley County and Fort Pierre
+# uses the Central time zone due to doing most of their business in
+# Pierre so it simplifies schedules.  I have lived in Stanley County
+# all my life and it has been that way since I can remember.  (43 years!)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-12-25):
+# Assume this practice predates 1970, so Fort Pierre can use America/Chicago.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -324,15 +393,15 @@ Rule	Chicago	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
-			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15 2:00
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15  2:00
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 # Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
 Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25 02:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 # Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
 # 2003-10-26, except for the area around Mandan which was already central time.
@@ -341,29 +410,25 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
 # Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
 # but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
 # See .
-Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26 02:00
+Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # From Josh Findley (2011-01-21):
 # ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
 # mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
 # daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
-# 
-# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
-# 
-# 
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
 # http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
-# 
 
 # From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
 # ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
 # it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
 # largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
-# at 4715'51" north, 10146'40" west, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
+# at 47° 15' 51" N, 101° 46' 40" W, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
 
-Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7 2:00
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # US mountain time, represented by Denver
@@ -374,6 +439,19 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
 # western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
 # and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-25):
+# On 1921-03-04 federal law placed all of Texas into the central time zone.
+# However, El Paso ignored the law for decades and continued to observe
+# mountain time, on the grounds that that's what they had always done
+# and they weren't about to let the federal government tell them what to do.
+# Eventually the federal government gave in and changed the law on
+# 1970-04-10 to match what El Paso was actually doing.  Although
+# that's slightly after our 1970 cutoff, there is no need to create a
+# separate zone for El Paso since they were ignoring the law anyway.  See:
+# Long T. El Pasoans were time rebels, fought to stay in Mountain zone.
+# El Paso Times. 2018-10-24 06:40 -06.
+# https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2018/10/24/el-pasoans-were-time-rebels-fought-stay-mountain-zone/1744509002/
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -391,14 +469,46 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
 #
 # California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
-# Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties,
-# and the northern three-quarters of Idaho county),
-# most of Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
+# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
+# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern ¾ of
+# Malheur county), and Washington
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-20):
+# In early February 1948, in response to California's electricity shortage,
+# PG&E changed power frequency from 60 to 59.5 Hz during daylight hours,
+# causing electric clocks to lose six minutes per day.  (This did not change
+# legal time, and is not part of the data here.)  See:
+# Ross SA. An energy crisis from the past: Northern California in 1948.
+# Working Paper No. 8, Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley,
+# 1973-11.  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x22k30c
+#
+# In another measure to save electricity, DST was instituted from 1948-03-14
+# at 02:01 to 1949-01-16 at 02:00, with the governor having the option to move
+# the fallback transition earlier.  See pages 3-4 of:
+# http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1948/48Vol1_Chapters.pdf
+#
+# In response:
+#
+#   Governor Warren received a torrent of objecting mail, and it is not too much
+#   to speculate that the objections to Daylight Saving Time were one important
+#   factor in the defeat of the Dewey-Warren Presidential ticket in California.
+#     -- Ross, p 25
+#
+# On December 8 the governor exercised the option, setting the date to January 1
+# (LA Times 1948-12-09).  The transition time was 02:00 (LA Times 1949-01-01).
+#
+# Despite the controversy, in 1949 California voters approved Proposition 12,
+# which established DST from April's last Sunday at 01:00 until September's
+# last Sunday at 02:00. This was amended by 1962's Proposition 6, which changed
+# the fall-back date to October's last Sunday. See:
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
-Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:01	1:00	D
 Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	1:00	1:00	D
 Rule	CA	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	CA	1962	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -408,31 +518,45 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 			-8:00	US	P%sT
 
 # Alaska
-# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -9:00 per USNO.
+# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -09 per USNO.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-06-15):
 # Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
 # and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
-# This was on 1867-10-18, a Friday; the previous day was 1867-10-06 Julian,
-# also a Friday.  Include only the time zone part of this transition,
-# ignoring the switch from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent
-# the Julian calendar.
+# On Friday, 1867-10-18 (Gregorian), at precisely 15:30 local time, the
+# Russian forts and fleet at Sitka fired salutes to mark the ceremony of
+# formal transfer.  See the Sacramento Daily Union (1867-11-14), p 3, col 2.
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18671114.2.12.1
+# Sitka workers did not change their calendars until Sunday, 1867-10-20,
+# and so celebrated two Sundays that week.  See: Ahllund T (tr Hallamaa P).
+# From the memoirs of a Finnish workman. Alaska History. 2006 Fall;21(2):1-25.
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Ahllund-2006-Memoirs-of-a-Finnish-Workman.pdf
+# Include only the time zone part of this transition, ignoring the switch
+# from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent the Julian calendar.
 #
-# As far as we know, none of the exact locations mentioned below were
+# As far as we know, of the locations mentioned below only Sitka was
 # permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
-# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement
-# was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
-# were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
-# it's best to simply use the official transition.
-#
+# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement was
+# destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  Many of Alaska's inhabitants
+# were unaware of the US acquisition of Alaska, much less of any calendar or
+# time change.  However, the Russian-influenced part of Alaska did observe
+# Russian time, and it is more accurate to model this than to ignore it.
+# The database format requires an exact transition time; use the Russian
+# salute as a somewhat-arbitrary time for the formal transfer of control for
+# all of Alaska.  Sitka's UTC offset is -9:01:13; adjust its 15:30 to the
+# local times of other Alaskan locations so that they change simultaneously.
 
-# From Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31):
-# The author lives in Alaska and many of the references listed are only
-# available to Alaskan residents.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
+# One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
+# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
+# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
+# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
+# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
 #
-# 
-# http://www.alaskahistoricalsociety.org/index.cfm?section=discover%20alaska&page=Glimpses%20of%20the%20Past&viewpost=2&ContentId=98
-# 
+# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
+# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
+# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
 # Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
@@ -458,12 +582,10 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
 # I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
 # Community office (using contact information available at
-# 
 # http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
-# ).
 # It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
 # the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
-# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no--they were on their
+# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
 # own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
 # did not inquire about practices in the past.
 
@@ -471,67 +593,85 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # For lack of better information, assume that Metlakatla's
 # abandonment of use of daylight saving resulted from the 1983 vote.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-11-09):
+# It seems Metlakatla did go off PST on Sunday, November 1, changing
+# their time to AKST and are going to follow Alaska's DST, switching
+# between AKST and AKDT from now on....
+# https://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/
+
+# From Ryan Stanley (2018-11-06):
+# The Metlakatla community in Alaska has decided not to change its
+# clock back an hour starting on November 4th, 2018 (day before yesterday).
+# They will be gmtoff=-28800 year-round.
+# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/pb.141055983004923.-2207520000.1541465673./569081370202380/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-12-16):
+# In a 2018-12-11 special election, Metlakatla voted to go back to
+# Alaska time (including daylight saving time) starting next year.
+# https://www.krbd.org/2018/12/12/metlakatla-to-follow-alaska-standard-time-allow-liquor-sales/
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:33:32
 			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27 2:00
-			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26 2:00
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26  2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:30
 			 -9:01:13 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:44:55
 			 -8:46:18 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
-			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
-			 -8:00	-	MeST
-Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2015 Nov  1  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT	2018 Nov  4  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2019 Mar Sun>=8 3:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:12:18
 			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 14:31:37
 			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
-			-10:00	-	CAT	1942
-			-10:00	US	CAT/CAWT 1945 Aug 14 23:00u
-			-10:00	US	CAT/CAPT 1946 # Peace
-			-10:00	-	CAT	1967 Apr
+			-10:00	-	AST	1942
+			-10:00	US	A%sT	1967 Apr
 			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
-			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Nome	 12:58:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 13:29:35
 			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
-			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Adak	 12:13:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 12:44:35
 			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
 			-11:00	-	BST	1969
-			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30 2:00
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
-			-10:00	US	HA%sT
+			-10:00	US	H%sT
 # The following switches don't quite make our 1970 cutoff.
 #
 # Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
@@ -547,7 +687,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 #  Minutes of the Unalaska City Council Meeting, January 10, 1967:
 #  "Except for St. Paul and Akutan, Unalaska is the only important
 #  location not on Alaska Standard Time.  The following resolution was
-#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson:  Be it
+#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson: Be it
 #  resolved that the City of Unalaska hereby goes to Alaska Standard
 #  Time as of midnight Friday, January 13, 1967 (1 A.M. Saturday,
 #  January 14, Alaska Standard Time.)  This resolution was passed with
@@ -559,9 +699,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
 # of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
 # the article is available at
-# 
-# http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
-# 
+# https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
 # and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
 # 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
 # saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
@@ -582,7 +720,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # year, the standard time of this Territory shall be advanced one
 # hour...This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved this 26th
 # day of April, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M JUDD, Governor of the Territory of
-# Hawaii." Page 172:  "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
+# Hawaii." Page 172: "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
 # hereby repealed...This Act shall take effect upon its approval, upon
 # which date the standard time of this Territory shall be restored to
 # that existing immediately prior to the taking effect of said Act 90.
@@ -592,12 +730,11 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # Note that 1933-05-21 was a Sunday.
 # We're left to guess the time of day when Act 163 was approved; guess noon.
 
-Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
-			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30 2:00 #Laws 1933
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00 #Laws 1933+12
-			-10:30	-	HST	1942 Feb 09 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1945 Sep 30 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
-			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8 2:00 #Schmitt&Cox+2
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
+			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8  2:00
 			-10:00	-	HST
 
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
@@ -607,9 +744,9 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
 #
 # The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
-# 
-# Daylight Saving Time web page (2002-01-23) maintained by the
-# Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Daylight Saving Time web page
+#  (2002-01-23)
+# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
 # Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
 # time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
 # personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
@@ -623,10 +760,11 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 # Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
 # Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
 
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1 00:01
-			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1 00:01
-			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1 00:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1  0:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1  0:01
 			-7:00	-	MST	1967
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
 			-7:00	-	MST
@@ -636,8 +774,9 @@ Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
 # Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
 # large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
 # tribal nations don't use DST.)
-
-Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
+# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.
 
 # Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
 # Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
@@ -649,24 +788,38 @@ Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13 2:00
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13  2:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	1974
-			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3 2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3  2:00
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 
 # Indiana
 #
 # For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
-# 
-# What time is it in Indiana?
-#  (2006-03-01)
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
+# A brief but entertaining history of time in Indiana describes a 1949 debate
+# in the Indiana House where city legislators (who favored "fast time")
+# tussled with farm legislators (who didn't) over a bill to outlaw DST:
+#  "Lacking enough votes, the city faction tries to filibuster until time runs
+#   out on the session at midnight, but rural champion Rep. Herbert Copeland,
+#   R-Madison, leans over the gallery railing and forces the official clock
+#   back to 9 p.m., breaking it in the process.  The clock sticks on 9 as the
+#   debate rages on into the night.  The filibuster finally dies out and the
+#   bill passes, while outside the chamber, clocks read 3:30 a.m.  In the end,
+#   it doesn't matter which side won.  The law has no enforcement powers and
+#   is simply ignored by fast-time communities."
+# How Indiana went from 'God's time' to split zones and daylight-saving.
+# Indianapolis Star. 2018-11-27 14:58 -05.
+# https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/27/indianapolis-indiana-time-zone-history-central-eastern-daylight-savings-time/2126300002/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
 # with the following exceptions:
 #
 # - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
-#   Vandenburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
+#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
 #
 # - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
 #
@@ -677,30 +830,24 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
 #   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
 #
 # Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
-# and wrote ``Even newspaper reports present contradictory information.''
+# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
 # Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
 # Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
 #
 # Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
-# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the `America' level.
-# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory `America/Indiana'.
+# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
+# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
-# http://www.mccsc.edu/time.html says that Indiana will use DST starting 2006.
-
-# From Nathan Stratton Treadway (2006-03-30):
-# http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot0406.htm [3705 B]
-# From Deborah Goldsmith (2006-01-18):
-# http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf95/382329_web.pdf [2.9 MB]
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-01-20):
-# It says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
+# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
+# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
 # Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
 # Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
-# this rule is 2:OO a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
+# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
 # changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
-# Strictly speaking, this means the affected counties will change their
-# clocks twice that night, but this obviously is in error.  The intent
-# is that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
+# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
+# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
+# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
 # The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
@@ -712,13 +859,13 @@ Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
+Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
 			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29 2:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27 2:00
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
@@ -734,10 +881,10 @@ Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:37
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1951
-			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30 2:00
+			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1976
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
@@ -758,11 +905,11 @@ Rule Vincennes	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:53
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26 2:00
+			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
@@ -779,10 +926,10 @@ Rule Perry	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:57
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26 2:00
+			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 #
 # Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
@@ -795,11 +942,11 @@ Rule	Pike	1961	1964	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:10:53
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1955
-			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4 2:00
+			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Starke County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1991,
@@ -817,10 +964,10 @@ Rule	Starke	1959	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:30
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1947
-			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
+			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 #
 # Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
@@ -833,22 +980,29 @@ Rule	Pulaski	1957	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:35
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30 2:00
+			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
-			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2 2:00
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
-			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25 2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1969
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# The Louisville & Nashville Railroad's 1883-11-18 change occurred at
+# 10:00 old local time; train were supposed to come to a standstill
+# for precisely 18 minutes.  See Bartky Fig. 1 (page 50).  It is not
+# clear how this matched civil time in Louisville, so for now continue
+# to assume Louisville switched at noon new local time, like New York.
+#
 # Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
 # This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
@@ -864,18 +1018,17 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1921
 			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1942
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23 2:00
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1968
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6 2:00
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27 2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Wayne County, Kentucky
 #
-# From
-# 
-# Lake Cumberland LIFE
-#  (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml
+# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
 # Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
 # the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
 # the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
@@ -892,9 +1045,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
 # The final rule was published in the
-# 
-# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), page 50154-50158.
-# 
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-08-17/html/00-20854.htm
 #
 Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
@@ -919,9 +1071,8 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
 # West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
 # 1999-10-31.  See the
-# 
-# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), page 56705-56707.
-# 
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-10-21/html/99-27240.htm
 # However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
 # on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
 # hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
@@ -947,24 +1098,35 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
-# Garland (1927) writes ``Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
-# one hour in 1914.''  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
 # info, so omit this for now.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-26):
+# Although Shanks says Detroit observed DST in 1967 from 06-14 00:01
+# until 10-29 00:01, I now see multiple reports that this is incorrect.
+# For example, according to a 50-year anniversary report about the 1967
+# Detroit riots and a major-league doubleheader on 1967-07-23, "By the time
+# the last fly ball of the doubleheader settled into the glove of leftfielder
+# Lenny Green, it was after 7 p.m.  Detroit did not observe daylight saving
+# time, so light was already starting to fail.  Twilight was made even deeper
+# by billowing columns of smoke that ascended in an unbroken wall north of the
+# ballpark."  See: Dow B. Detroit '67: As violence unfolded, Tigers played two
+# at home vs. Yankees. Detroit Free Press 2017-07-23.
+# https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2017/07/23/detroit-tigers-1967-riot-new-york-yankees/499951001/
+#
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Jun	14	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
-			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15 2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Detroit	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1975
-			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27 2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27  2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 #
 # Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
@@ -977,8 +1139,8 @@ Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
-			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29 2:00
+			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29  2:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
 # Navassa
@@ -988,26 +1150,26 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
 # US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
 # currently uninhabited
-# see Mark Fineman, ``An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord'',
+# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
 # _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
 # Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
 
 ################################################################################
 
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Other sources occasionally used include:
 #
@@ -1015,22 +1177,22 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#	 (1914-03)
+#	
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-#	.
+#	.
 #
-# See the `europe' file for Greenland.
+# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
 
 # Canada
 
-# From Alain LaBont (1994-11-14):
+# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
 # I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
 # for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
 #
-#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight savings time
+#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
 #	offset	French	English	French	English
 #	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
 #	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
@@ -1043,7 +1205,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
 #
 #	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
-#	HA: Heure Avance	DT: Daylight saving Time
+#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
 #
 #	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
 #	C: du Centre		Central
@@ -1058,7 +1220,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-22):
 # Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.
 
-# Unless otherwise specified, the data for Canada are all from Shanks
+# Unless otherwise specified, the data entries for Canada are all from Shanks
 # & Pottenger.
 
 # From Chris Walton (2006-04-01, 2006-04-25, 2006-06-26, 2007-01-31,
@@ -1066,19 +1228,19 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # The British Columbia government announced yesterday that it will
 # adjust daylight savings next year to align with changes in the
 # U.S. and the rest of Canada....
-# http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
+# https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
 # ...
 # Nova Scotia
 # Daylight saving time will be extended by four weeks starting in 2007....
-# http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
+# https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
 #
 # [For New Brunswick] the new legislation dictates that the time change is to
 # be done at 02:00 instead of 00:01.
-# http://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
+# https://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
 # ...
 # Manitoba has traditionally changed the clock every fall at 03:00.
 # As of 2006, the transition is to take place one hour earlier at 02:00.
-# http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
+# https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
 # ...
 # [Alberta, Ontario, Quebec] will follow US rules.
 # http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/spring/CH03_06.CFM
@@ -1092,7 +1254,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # http://www.hoa.gov.nl.ca/hoa/bills/Bill0634.htm
 # ...
 # Yukon
-# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
+# https://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
 # ...
 # N.W.T. will follow US rules.  Whoever maintains the government web site
 # does not seem to believe in bookmarks.  To see the news release, click the
@@ -1105,17 +1267,16 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # An amendment to the Interpretation Act was registered on February 19/2007....
 # http://action.attavik.ca/home/justice-gn/attach/2007/gaz02part2.pdf
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-18):
 # H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
-# 
 # "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
-#  contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
+# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
 # time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
 #
-# INMS, the Institute for National Measurement Standards in Ottawa, has 
-# information about standard and daylight saving time zones in Canada.
-#  (updated periodically).
+# National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
 # Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
@@ -1124,9 +1285,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 
 # From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
 # In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
 # The quote includes these two statements:
 # 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
@@ -1154,11 +1313,13 @@ Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 
 # Newfoundland and Labrador
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Labrador should use NST/NDT,
-# but the only part of Labrador that follows the rules is the
-# southeast corner, including Port Hope Simpson and Mary's Harbour,
-# but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-14):
+# Legally Labrador should observe Newfoundland time; see:
+# McLeod J. Labrador time - legal or not? St. John's Telegram, 2017-10-07
+# http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/labrador-time--legal-or-not-154860/
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that the only part of Labrador
+# that follows the rules is the southeast corner, including Port Hope
+# Simpson and Mary's Harbour, but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1194,9 +1355,7 @@ Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
 # now occurs at 2:00AM.
 # ...
-# 
 # http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
-# 
 # ...
 # MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
 # Office of the Chief Information Officer
@@ -1223,7 +1382,7 @@ Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
 
 # most of east Labrador
 
-# The name `Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use `Goose Bay'.
+# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
@@ -1232,17 +1391,26 @@ Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
 			-3:30	-	NST	1936
 			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
 			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
-			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15 2:00
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15  2:00
 			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT	2011 Nov
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
 
 
 # west Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-07-20):
+# From the historical weather station records available at:
+# https://weatherspark.com/history/28351/1971/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada
+# Sydney shares the same time history as Glace Bay, so was
+# likely to be the same across the island....
+# Sydney, as the capital and most populous location, or Cape Breton, would
+# have been better names for the zone had we known this in 1996.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-20):
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has been like
 # Halifax.  Many locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1972;
-# Glace Bay, NS is the largest that we know of.
+# the Cape Breton area, represented by Glace Bay, is the largest we know of
+# (Glace Bay was perhaps not the best name choice but no point changing now).
 # Shanks & Pottenger also write that Liverpool, NS was the only town
 # in Canada to observe DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume
 # this is a typo.
@@ -1293,7 +1461,7 @@ Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
-			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
@@ -1340,68 +1508,26 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 
 # Quebec
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Quebec has been
-# like Montreal.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
+#
 # Matthews and Vincent (1998) also write that Quebec east of the -63
 # meridian is supposed to observe AST, but residents as far east as
 # Natashquan use EST/EDT, and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
-# In "Official time in Quebec" the Quebec department of justice writes in
-# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-regl-1-a.htm
-# that "The residents of the Municipality of the
-# Cote-Nord-du-Golfe-Saint-Laurent and the municipalities of Saint-Augustin,
-# Bonne-Esperance and Blanc-Sablon apply the Official Time Act as it is
-# written and use Atlantic standard time all year round. The same applies to
-# the residents of the Native facilities along the lower North Shore."
-# 
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-minganie-a.htm
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# https://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
 # says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
 # For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
 # Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
 
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# The 1927-to-1937 rules can be expressed more simply as
-# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
-# Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
-# The rules below avoid use of 24:00
-# (which pre-1998 versions of zic cannot handle).
-Rule	Mont	1927	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1927	1932	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1928	1931	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1932	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1933	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
 			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
 			-4:00	-	AST
-Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
-
 
 # Ontario
 
@@ -1420,20 +1546,23 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
 # 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
 # hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
-# only two weeks -- I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
 # presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
 # earlier in June).
 #
 # Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-08):
+# For more on Orillia, see: Daubs K. Bold attempt at daylight saving
+# time became a comic failure in Orillia. Toronto Star 2017-07-08.
+# https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/08/bold-attempt-at-daylight-saving-time-became-a-comic-failure-in-orillia.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
 # Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
 # says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
 # but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
-# He also writes that the
-# 
-# Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
-# 
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
 # says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
 # Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
 # concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
@@ -1512,9 +1641,7 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
 # volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
 # was available at
-# 
 # http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
-# 
 #
 # It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
 #
@@ -1525,26 +1652,26 @@ Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
 # ing in 1930. The information for the province of Quebec is definite,
 # for the other provinces only approximate:
 #
-# 	Province	Daylight saving time used
+#	Province	Daylight saving time used
 # Prince Edward Island	Not used.
 # Nova Scotia		In Halifax only.
 # New Brunswick		In St. John only.
 # Quebec		In the following places:
-# 			Montreal	Lachine
-# 			Quebec		Mont-Royal
-# 			Levis		Iberville
-# 			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madeleine
-# 			Verdun		Loretteville
-# 			Westmount	Richmond
-# 			Outremont	St. Jerome
-# 			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
-# 			Arvida		Waterloo
-# 			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
-# 			Melbourne	La Tuque
-# 			St. Theophile	Buckingham
+#			Montreal	Lachine
+#			Quebec		Mont-Royal
+#			Lévis		Iberville
+#			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
+#			Verdun		Loretteville
+#			Westmount	Richmond
+#			Outremont	St. Jérôme
+#			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
+#			Arvida		Waterloo
+#			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
+#			Melbourne	La Tuque
+#			St. Théophile	Buckingham
 # Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
-# 			the southerly part of the province. Not
-# 			used in the northwesterlhy part.
+#			the southerly part of the province. Not
+#			used in the northwesterly part.
 # Manitoba		Not used.
 # Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
 # Alberta		Not used.
@@ -1613,7 +1740,7 @@ Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
-			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
 			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
@@ -1621,21 +1748,21 @@ Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	-	CST	1910
 			-5:00	-	EST	1942
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
-			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1973
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
-			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9 2:00s
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30 2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 
@@ -1648,7 +1775,7 @@ Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
 # the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
 # Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
 # following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
-# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had =
+# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
 # been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
 # Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
 # the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
@@ -1771,12 +1898,12 @@ Rule	Swift	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Swift	1960	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Regina	-6:58:36 -	LMT	1905 Sep
-			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST
 Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
-			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1950
-			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun 2:00
+			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST
 
 
@@ -1826,43 +1953,37 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
 # keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
 # manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
-# 
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
-# 
 # According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
-# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UTC-7 for 93 years.
+# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
 # Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
 
 # Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
 # unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
 # ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
-# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing the
-# article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the subject
-# of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
-# 
+# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
+# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
+# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
 # http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
-# 
 
 # Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
 # 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date unknown
 # 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
-# Exact date in October unknown;  Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
+# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
 # 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
 # Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
-# note#1:
+# note 1:
 # On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
 # Creston did not change its clocks.
-# note#2:
+# note 2:
 # During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
 # Creston did not oblige.
-# note#3:
+# note 3:
 # There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
 # (UTC-7) forever.
 # The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
-# 
 # http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
-# 
 
 # During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
 # In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
@@ -1873,6 +1994,22 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 
 # The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
 
+# From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
+# Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
+# were aligned with America/Vancouver, they're now aligned with
+# America/Dawson_Creek.
+# http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/meta/news/archives/2015/northern-rockies-time-change.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-09-23):
+# This requires a new zone for the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality,
+# America/Fort_Nelson.  The resolution of 2014-12-08 was reached following a
+# 2014-11-15 poll with nearly 75% support.  Effectively, the municipality has
+# been on MST (-0700) like Dawson Creek since it advanced its clocks on
+# 2015-03-08.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
@@ -1889,7 +2026,13 @@ Zone America/Vancouver	-8:12:28 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	1947
-			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30 2:00
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	-	PST	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
 			-7:00	-	MST
 Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
@@ -1902,32 +2045,129 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
 # Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
 #	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
-#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9.  This is still valid;
+#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
 #	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
+#	[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html]
 #	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
 #	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
 #	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
-# Shanks & Pottenger say Yukon's 1973-10-28 switch was at 2:00; go
-# with Englander.
-# From Chris Walton (2006-06-26):
-# Here is a link to the old daylight saving portion of the interpretation
-# act which was last updated in 1987:
-# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic1987_056.pdf
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-04-14):
+#
+# I tried to trace the history of Yukon time and found the following
+# regulations, giving the reference title and URL if found, regulation name,
+# and relevant quote if available.  Each regulation specifically revokes its
+# predecessor.  The final reference is to the current Interpretation Act
+# authorizing and resulting from these regulatory changes.
+#
+# Only recent regulations were retrievable via Yukon government site search or
+# index, and only some via Canadian legal sources.  Other sources used include
+# articles titled "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" from JRASC via ADS
+# Abstracts, cited by ADO for 1932 ..., and updated versions from 1958 and
+# 1970 quoted below; each article includes current extracts from provincial
+# and territorial ST and DST regulations at the end, summaries and details of
+# standard times and daylight saving time at many locations across Canada,
+# with time zone maps, tables and calculations for Canadian Sunrise, Sunset,
+# and LMST; they also cover many countries and global locations, with a chart
+# and table showing current Universal Time offsets, and may be useful as
+# another source of information for 1970 and earlier.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; JRASC, Vol. 26,
+#   pp.49-77; February 1932; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JRASC..26...49S from p.75:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance
+#   Yukon standard time is the local mean time at the one hundred and
+#   thirty-fifth meridian.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; Thomson, Malcolm M.;
+#   JRASC, Vol. 52, pp.193-223; October 1958; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
+#   (ADS) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JRASC..52..193S from pp.220-1:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance, 1955, Chap. 16.
+#
+#     (1) Subject to this section, standard time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time and called Yukon Standard Time.
+#
+#     (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Commissioner may make regulations
+#     varying the manner of reckoning standard time.
+#
+# * Yukon Territory Commissioner's Order 1966-20 Interpretation Ordinance
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Thomson, Malcolm M.; JRASC,
+#   Vol. 64, pp.129-162; June 1970; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JRASC..64..129T from p.156: Yukon
+#   Territory Commissioner's Order 1967-59 Interpretation Ordinance ...
+#
+#     1. Commissioner's Order 1966-20 dated at Whitehorse in the Yukon
+#     Territory on 27th January, 1966, is hereby revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon (East) Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the
+#     Interpretation Ordinance from and after mid-night on the 28th day of May,
+#     1967 shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that
+#     is to say, eight hours behind Greenwich Time in the area of the Yukon
+#     Territory lying east of the 138th degree longitude west.
+#
+#     3. In the remainder of the Territory, lying west of the 138th degree
+#     longitude west, Yukon (West) Standard Time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
+#   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
+#     revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the Interpretation
+#     Act from and after midnight on the twenty-eighth day of October, 1973
+#     shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that is
+#     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
+#   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#   In every year between
+#     (a) two o'clock in the morning in the first Sunday in April, and
+#     (b) two o'clock in the morning in the last Sunday in October,
+#   Standard Time shall be reckoned as seven hours behind Greenwich Time and
+#   called Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#   ...
+#   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
+#   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
+#     behind Greenwich mean time during the period commencing at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the second Sunday of March and ending at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the first Sunday of November and shall be called
+#     Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#
+#     2. Order-in-Council 1987/56 is revoked.
+#
+#     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
+#
+# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
+# https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
 # Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
-# 
 # Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
-# 
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
 # We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
 # to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
-# 
 # Basic Facts: The New Territory
-#  (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
+# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
+# (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
 # and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
 # Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
 
@@ -1955,8 +2195,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # the current state of affairs.
 
 # From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
-# 
-# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
 # Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
 # central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
 # for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
@@ -1974,10 +2214,8 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
 # required to use daylight savings.
 
-# From
-# 
-# Nunavut now has two time zones
-#  (2000-11-10):
+# From 
+# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
 # The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
 # Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
 # one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
@@ -2005,10 +2243,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # [Also see  (2001-03-09).]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-05-21):
-# According to maps at
-# http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/time_services/TZ01SWE.jpg
-# http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/images/time_services/TZ01SSE.jpg
-# (both dated 2003), and
+# According to ...
 # http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp
 # (from a 1998 Canadian Geographic article), the de facto and de jure time
 # for Southampton Island (at the north end of Hudson Bay) is UTC-5 all year
@@ -2017,9 +2252,11 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # predates the creation of Nunavut, it probably goes back many years....
 # The Inuktitut name of Coral Harbour is Sallit, but it's rarely used.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-17):
 # For lack of better information, assume that Southampton Island observed
-# daylight saving only during wartime.
+# daylight saving only during wartime.  Gwillim Law's email also
+# mentioned maps now maintained by National Research Council Canada;
+# see above for an up-to-date link.
 
 # From Chris Walton (2007-03-01):
 # ... the community of Resolute (located on Cornwallis Island in
@@ -2068,9 +2305,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
 # businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
 # Aziz:
-# 
 # http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
-# 
 #
 # I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
 # Eastern Standard Time.
@@ -2107,48 +2342,48 @@ Rule	NT_YK	1980	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	NT_YK	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # aka Panniqtuuq
-Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	zzz	1921 # trading post est.
-			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
-			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	-00	1921 # trading post est.
+			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 # formerly Frobisher Bay
-Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	zzz	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
-			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
+Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	-00	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
 			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
 # aka Qausuittuq
-Zone America/Resolute	0	-	zzz	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11 3:00
+Zone America/Resolute	0	-	-00	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11  3:00
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 # aka Kangiqiniq
-Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	zzz	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
-			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	-00	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
 			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
 # aka Iqaluktuuttiaq
-Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	zzz	1920 # trading post est.?
-			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31 2:00
-			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29 2:00
-			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5 0:00
-			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1 3:00
+Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	-00	1920 # trading post est.?
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5  0:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
-Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	zzz	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
+Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	-00	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
-Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	zzz	1953 # Inuvik founded
-			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun 2:00
+Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	-00	1953 # Inuvik founded
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun  2:00
 			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
 			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
 Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
-			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1966 Jul 1 2:00
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1967 May 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
-			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28 0:00
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
 			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
 			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
 
@@ -2157,12 +2392,11 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 
 # Mexico
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-12-07):
 # The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
 # Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
-# 
 # history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
-# .
+# http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm
 #
 # Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
 # (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
@@ -2207,9 +2441,8 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
 # For an English translation of the decree, see
-# 
-# ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04).
-# 
+# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04).
+# http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
 # The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
@@ -2221,7 +2454,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
 # Arizona year round.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard, translating
+# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
 #  (2001-01-17):
 # In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
 # Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
@@ -2234,7 +2467,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
 # that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
 # this year....
-# 
+# http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001
 # [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
 # in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.
 
@@ -2242,23 +2475,22 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
 # story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
 # http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
-# ... Mexico City Mayor Lopez Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
 # Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
-# the rest of the country..." In particular, Lopez Obrador would abolish
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
 # observation of Daylight Saving Time.
 
-# 
 # Official statute published by the Energy Department
-#  (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
-# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Norgaard (2001-02-03).
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre
+# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
 #
-# 
+# http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/20010303/t000018766.html
 # James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
-# 
 # * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
-# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador decreed that
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
 #   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
 # * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
 # * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
@@ -2266,7 +2498,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 #
 # For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2001-04-01):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
 # I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
 # saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
 # that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
@@ -2275,7 +2507,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
 # Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
 # September 30, 2001.
-# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" 
 # Palabra  (2001-03-31)
 
 # From Reuters (2001-09-04):
@@ -2287,7 +2519,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
 # subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
 # ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
 # that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
 # http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
@@ -2301,50 +2533,72 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # > the United States.
 # Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
 # 2010, some border regions will be the same:
-# 
 # http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
-# 
-# 
 # http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
-# 
 # (Spanish)
 #
 # Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
-# 
 # (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
 #
 # There is also a list of the votes here:
-# 
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
 # The page
-# 
 # http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
-# 
 # includes this text:
 # En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
-# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
-# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
-# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
-# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
+# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
+# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
+# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
+# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
 # horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 # En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
-# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
-# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
-# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
-# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
-# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
+# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
+# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
+# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
+# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
+# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
 # las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2014-12-08), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# The Mexican state of Quintana Roo will likely change to EST in 2015.
+#
+# http://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/12/04/medio-ambiente/congreso-aprueba-una-hora-mas-de-sol-en-qroo
+# "With this change, the time conflict that has existed between the municipios
+# of Quintana Roo and the municipio of Felipe Carrillo Puerto may come to an
+# end. The latter declared itself in rebellion 15 years ago when a time change
+# was initiated in Mexico, and since then it has refused to change its time
+# zone along with the rest of the country."
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-01-14), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# http://sipse.com/novedades/confirman-aplicacion-de-nueva-zona-horaria-para-quintana-roo-132331.html
+# "...the new time zone will come into effect at two o'clock on the first Sunday
+# of February, when we will have to advance the clock one hour from its current
+# time..."
+# Also, the new zone will not use DST.
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2015-02-02):
+# The decree that modifies the Mexican Hour System Law has finally
+# been published at the Diario Oficial de la Federación
+# http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5380123&fecha=31/01/2015
+# It establishes 5 zones for Mexico:
+# 1- Zona Centro (Central Zone): Corresponds to longitude 90 W,
+#    includes most of Mexico, excluding what's mentioned below.
+# 2- Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone): Longitude 105 W, includes the
+#    states of Baja California Sur; Chihuahua; Nayarit (excluding Bahía
+#    de Banderas which lies in Central Zone); Sinaloa and Sonora.
+# 3- Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone): Longitude 120 W, includes the
+#    state of Baja California.
+# 4- Zona Sureste (Southeast Zone): Longitude 75 W, includes the state
+#    of Quintana Roo.
+# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
+#    longitude they are located at.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
@@ -2361,39 +2615,52 @@ Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Quintana Roo
+# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
 Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:12:56
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Campeche, Yucatan
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2015 Feb  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
 Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:01:32
 			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
 			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# This includes the following municipalities:
+#   in Coahuila: Ocampo, Acuña, Zaragoza, Jiménez, Piedras Negras, Nava,
+#     Guerrero, Hidalgo.
+#   in Nuevo León: Anáhuac, Los Aldama.
+#   in Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, Miguel Alemán, Camargo,
+#     Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa, Río Bravo, Valle Hermoso, Matamoros.
+# See: Inicia mañana Horario de Verano en zona fronteriza, El Universal,
+# 2016-03-12
+# http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2016/03/12/inicia-manana-horario-de-verano-en-zona-fronteriza
 Zone America/Matamoros	-6:40:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:20:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
-# Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
+# Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
 Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
 			-6:00	-	CST	1988
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Central Mexico
-Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1 0:23:24
+Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30 02:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30  2:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 # Chihuahua (near US border)
-Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
+# This includes the municipalities of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe,
+# Práxedis G Guerrero, Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel Benavides.
+# (See the 2016-03-12 El Universal source mentioned above.)
+Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:02:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
@@ -2401,7 +2668,7 @@ Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
-			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
 			-7:00	US	M%sT
 # Chihuahua (away from US border)
@@ -2413,7 +2680,7 @@ Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
 			-6:00	-	CST	1996
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
-			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 # Sonora
 Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
@@ -2429,42 +2696,33 @@ Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
 			-7:00	-	MST
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
-# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
+# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
 # changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
 # share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
 #
 # (Spanish)
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
-# país, a partir de este domingo
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
+# país, a partir de este domingo
 # http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
-# 
 #
-# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
-# País
-# 
-# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50"
-# 
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
+# País
+# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
 #
 # (English)
-# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
-# 
+# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
 # http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
-# 
-#
-# or
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
-# 
 #
 # "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
-# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
+# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
 # zone ..."
 # Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
 # Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
 
+# Mazatlán
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2476,6 +2734,7 @@ Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
 
+# Bahía de Banderas
 Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -2485,10 +2744,10 @@ Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
-			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr 4 2:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr  4  2:00
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
 
-# Baja California (near US border)
+# Baja California
 Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-7:00	-	MST	1924
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
@@ -2508,52 +2767,33 @@ Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
 			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2010
 			-8:00	US	P%sT
-# Baja California (away from US border)
-Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:20:32
-			-7:00	-	MST	1924
-			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
-			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 15
-			-8:00	-	PST	1931 Apr  1
-			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1931 Sep 30
-			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr 24
-			-8:00	1:00	PWT	1945 Aug 14 23:00u
-			-8:00	1:00	PPT	1945 Nov 12 # Peace
-			-8:00	-	PST	1948 Apr  5
-			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1949 Jan 14
-			-8:00	-	PST	1954
-			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1961
-			-8:00	-	PST	1976
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
-			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2001
-			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
-			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Formerly there was an America/Ensenada zone, which differed from
 # America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
 # through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
 # Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
-# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicale, San Felipe and
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
 # Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
 # DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
 # data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
 # other than America/Tijuana for Baja, but it's not clear yet what its
 # name or contents should be.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-10-08):
+# Formerly there was an America/Santa_Isabel zone, but this appears to
+# have come from a misreading of
+# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
+# It has been moved to the 'backward' file.
+#
+#
 # Revillagigedo Is
 # no information
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Anguilla
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Antigua and Barbuda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-5:00	-	EST	1951
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Bahamas
 #
@@ -2583,22 +2823,22 @@ Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
-			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924 # Bridgetown
+			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932 # Bridgetown Mean Time
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
 
 # Belize
 # Whitman entirely disagrees with Shanks; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Belize	1918	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	Belize	1919	1943	-	Feb	Sun>=9	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Belize	1918	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0:30	-0530
+Rule	Belize	1919	1943	-	Feb	Sun>=9	0:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	CDT
+Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	CDT
+Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	CST
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
-			-6:00	Belize	C%sT
+			-6:00	Belize	%s
 
 # Bermuda
 
@@ -2614,20 +2854,17 @@ Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
 # http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
-			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
-			-4:00	Bahamas	A%sT	1976
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1  2:00 # Hamilton
+			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28  2:00
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
 			-4:00	US	A%sT
 
 # Cayman Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST
+# See America/Panama.
 
 # Costa Rica
 
-# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San Jose mean time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2637,10 +2874,10 @@ Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
-# There are too many San Joses elsewhere, so we'll use `Costa Rica'.
+# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
-			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San Jose Mean Time
+Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
+			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
 			-6:00	CR	C%sT
 # Coco
 # no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
@@ -2659,10 +2896,15 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
 # "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
 # Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
-# sleep on 1999-03-28--when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
-# to DST--and one more hour on 1999-04-04--when the announcers will have
+# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
 # returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
+# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
+# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html
+
 # From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
 # Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -2677,16 +2919,16 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
 # http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
 # An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
 # the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
 # http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
 # "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
-# watches should be set back one hour -- going back to 00:00 hours -- returning
+# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
 # to the normal schedule....
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
-# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html, dated yesterday,
+# , dated yesterday,
 # says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
 # For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
 # except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
@@ -2700,10 +2942,10 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID=%7B4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF%7D&language=ES
 # http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
 #
-# From Alex Kryvenishev (2007-10-25):
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
 # Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
 #
-# [Regira] el Horario Normal desde el [proximo] domingo 28 de octubre
+# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
 #
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html
@@ -2711,23 +2953,18 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
 # I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
 # Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
-# , a Cuban information station, and heard
+# a Cuban information station, and heard
 # the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
 # indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
 # It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
 # It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
-# 
 #
 # Some more background information is posted here:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
 #
 # The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
 # while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
@@ -2737,18 +2974,14 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # change some historic records as well.
 #
 # One example:
-# 
 # http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm
-# 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
 # The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
 # web site, the Granma.  Please check out
-# 
 # http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
-# 
 #
-# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsens information, the change
+# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
 # will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
@@ -2759,18 +2992,14 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
 # not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
 # (in Spanish)
-# 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
 # I listened over the Internet to
-# 
 # http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
-# 
 # this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
-# the time was announced as "diez cinco"--the same time as here, indicating
+# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
 # that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
@@ -2779,42 +3008,30 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890		# San Jose
 # changed at all).
 #
 # Source:
-# 
 # http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
-# 
 #
 # Our info:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
 # Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
 # tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
 #
 # One source (Spanish)
-# 
 # http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
-# 
 #
 # Our page:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
 # According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
 # 31 and April 1.
 #
 # Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
-# 
 # http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
-# 
 #
 # Our info on it:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
 # Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
@@ -2852,7 +3069,8 @@ Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	2000	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
@@ -2869,9 +3087,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
 
 # Dominica
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Dominican Republic
 
@@ -2894,18 +3110,18 @@ Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01		# Roseau
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	S
-Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HD
-Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	S
-Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	EDT
+Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-0430
+Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	EST
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
-			-5:00	DR	E%sT	1974 Oct 27
-			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29 02:00
-			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3 01:00
+			-5:00	DR	%s	1974 Oct 27
+			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3  1:00
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # El Salvador
@@ -2916,28 +3132,20 @@ Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 # There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
 # instead of America/San_Salvador.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921		# San Salvador
+Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
 			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
 
 # Grenada
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# St George's
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Guadeloupe
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun 8	# Pointe a Pitre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-# St Barthelemy
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/St_Barthelemy
+# St Barthélemy
 # St Martin (French part)
-Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Guatemala
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
 # Diario Co Latino, at
-# http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079,
+# ,
 # says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
 # decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
 # impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
@@ -2945,7 +3153,7 @@ Link America/Guadeloupe	America/Marigot
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-22):
 # The Ministry of Energy and Mines, press release CP-15/2006
 # (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
-# .
+# http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -2962,11 +3170,10 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 
 # Haiti
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
-# Risto O. Nykanen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
-# I searched for confirmation, and I found a
-#  press release
+# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
+# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
 # on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
-# .  Translated from French, it says:
+# .  Translated from French, it says:
 #
 #  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
 #   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
@@ -3016,6 +3223,19 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 # http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
 # http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-12):
+# Jean Antoine, editor of www.haiti-reference.com informed us that Haiti
+# are not going on DST this year.  Several other resources confirm this: ...
+# https://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
+# https://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
+# http://news.anmwe.com/haiti-lheure-nationale-ne-sera-ni-avancee-ni-reculee-cette-annee/
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-03-12):
+# We have received 4 mails from different people telling that Haiti
+# has started DST again today, and this source seems to confirm that,
+# I have not been able to find a more authoritative source:
+# https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-20319-haiti-notices-time-change-in-haiti.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -3026,8 +3246,10 @@ Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Haiti	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
@@ -3043,14 +3265,14 @@ Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 #  that Manuel Zelaya, the president
 # of Honduras, refused to back down on this.
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
 # It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
 # 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-08):
-# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08)
-# .
+# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08).
+# http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=54941&sec=12
 # It mentions executive decree 18-2006.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
@@ -3074,36 +3296,37 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
 
 # Jamaica
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# Follows US rules.
-
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# JAMAICA             5 H  BEHIND UTC
-
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
+# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
+# island".  Go with Milne.  Round to the nearest second as required by zic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
+# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
+# Assume Neita meant Jan 6 02:00, the same as the US.  Neita also writes that
+# Manley's supporters associated this act with Manley's nickname "Joshua"
+# (recall that in the Bible the sun stood still at Joshua's request),
+# and with the Rod of Correction which Manley said he had received from
+# Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.  See:
+# Neita L. The politician in all of us. Jamaica Observer 2014-09-20
+# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Apr 28 2:00
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:10 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Martinique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890		# Fort-de-France
-			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
+Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May    # Fort-de-France MT
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
 			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Montserrat
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
-# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Nicaragua
 #
@@ -3126,27 +3349,27 @@ Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul 1 0:01   # Cork Hill
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-21):
 # The Associated Press story on the time change, which can be found at
 # http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
-# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish):  "The last
+# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish): "The last
 # time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
-# during the Arnoldo Aleman administration."...
+# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
 # The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
 # since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
 # changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
 # the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
 # Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
 # (2005-09-26)
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
 # http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
 # (my informal translation)
-# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolanos, Nicaragua
+# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
 # advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
-# morning, and will stay that way until 30.th. of september.
+# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
 # http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
 # My informal translation runs:
 # The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
@@ -3164,7 +3387,7 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
 			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
 			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
-			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1 4:00
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1  4:00
 			-5:00	-	EST	1992 Sep 24
 			-6:00	-	CST	1993
 			-5:00	-	EST	1997
@@ -3173,46 +3396,37 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 # Panama
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colon Mean Time
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
+Link America/Panama America/Cayman
 
 # Puerto Rico
-# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use `Puerto_Rico'.
+# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00    # San Juan
+Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
 			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
 			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # St Kitts-Nevis
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2	# Basseterre
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # St Lucia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
-			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
-# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use `Miquelon'.
+# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
+Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
-			-3:00	-	PMST	1987 # Pierre & Miquelon Time
-			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
+			-3:00	-	-03	1987
+			-3:00	Canada	-03/-02
 
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
-			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Turks and Caicos
 #
 # From Chris Dunn in
-# 
+# https://bugs.debian.org/415007
 # (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
 # daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
 # the recent U.S. change of dates.
@@ -3225,27 +3439,40 @@ Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
 # Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
 # indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-01):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1998)
-# says they switch at midnight.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
+# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UT -04 year-round.  See:
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
+# Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
+# From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
+# ... the TCI government appears to have delayed the switch to
+# "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
+#
+# From the Turks & Caicos Cabinet (2017-07-20), heads-up from Steffen Thorsen:
+# ... agreed to the reintroduction in TCI of Daylight Saving Time (DST)
+# during the summer months and Standard Time, also known as Local
+# Time, during the winter months with effect from April 2018 ...
+# https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turks-and-caicos-post-cabinet-meeting-statement--3
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-26):
+# The date of effect of the spring 2018 change appears to be March 11,
+# which makes more sense.  See: Hamilton D. Time change back
+# by March 2018 for TCI. Magnetic Media. 2017-08-25.
+# http://magneticmediatv.com/2017/08/time-change-back-by-march-2018-for-tci/
 #
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	TC	1979	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	1979	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	TC	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	TC	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	TC	E%sT
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1979
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Nov Sun>=1 2:00
+			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11 3:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
 # British Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Road Town
-			-4:00	-	AST
-
 # Virgin Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul    # Charlotte Amalie
-			-4:00	-	AST
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew b/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew
index bccd852109..0e6cf07923 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/pacificnew
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for proposed US election time (this file is obsolete)
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/solar87 b/extra/zoneinfo/solar87
deleted file mode 100644
index 2299558164..0000000000
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/solar87
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# So much for footnotes about Saudi Arabia.
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; your mileage will vary.
-# Times were computed using formulas in the U.S. Naval Observatory's
-# Almanac for Computers 1987; the formulas "will give EqT to an accuracy of
-# [plus or minus two] seconds during the current year."
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	2	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	4	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	9	12:06:55s -0:06:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:20s -0:07:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:45s -0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:10s -0:08:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:30s -0:08:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	14	12:08:55s -0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:15s -0:09:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:35s -0:09:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	17	12:09:55s -0:09:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:35s -0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	20	12:10:55s -0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:10s -0:11:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:30s -0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	24	12:12:00s -0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:15s -0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	28	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:25s -0:13:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	4	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	26	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	3	12:12:05s -0:12:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:40s -0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:25s -0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:15s -0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	8	12:11:00s -0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:55s -0:09:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:40s -0:09:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:25s -0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	15	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:50s -0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:35s -0:08:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:15s -0:08:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	19	12:08:00s -0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:40s -0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:25s -0:07:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	22	12:07:05s -0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	29	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	1	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:55s -0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	8	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:55s 0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	20	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	25	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:25s 0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	1	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	2	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	3	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	4	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	5	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	6	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	7	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	8	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	10	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	18	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	20	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	21	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	22	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	23	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	24	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	25	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	26	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	27	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	28	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	29	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	30	11:57:25s 0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	May	31	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	8	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:40s 0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	13	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	18	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	22	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	27	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	2	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	8	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	5	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:15s -0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	18	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:30s -0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	22	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:30s -0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	26	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:25s -0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	29	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	1	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	10	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	13	11:56:10s 0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:45s 0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:25s 0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	16	11:55:05s 0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:45s 0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:20s 0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	19	11:54:00s 0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:40s 0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:15s 0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:55s 0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:35s 0:07:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:15s 0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:55s 0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:35s 0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	27	11:51:10s 0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:50s 0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:30s 0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Sep	30	11:50:10s 0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:50s 0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:15s 0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:55s 0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:35s 0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:20s 0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	7	11:48:00s 0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:45s 0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:25s 0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:10s 0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:55s 0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:40s 0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:25s 0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:10s 0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:55s 0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:30s 0:14:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:05s 0:14:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:55s 0:15:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:35s 0:15:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:25s 0:15:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	10	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:15s 0:15:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	17	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:05s 0:14:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:15s 0:14:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:30s 0:14:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	25	11:46:50s 0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:10s 0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:25s 0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	28	11:47:45s 0:12:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:05s 0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:30s 0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	1	11:48:50s 0:11:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:10s 0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:00s 0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:25s 0:09:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	6	11:50:50s 0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:15s 0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	8	11:51:40s 0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:05s 0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:30s 0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:00s 0:07:00 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:25s 0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	13	11:53:55s 0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:25s 0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	15	11:54:50s 0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:20s 0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	17	11:55:50s 0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	19	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	21	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	23	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	25	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	27	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	29	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:15s -0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol87	1987	only	-	Dec	31	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1987, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh87	3:07:04	-		zzz	1987
-			3:07:04	sol87		zzz	1988
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh87	Mideast/Riyadh87
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/solar88 b/extra/zoneinfo/solar88
deleted file mode 100644
index bb1d6ca97f..0000000000
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/solar88
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; they're a bit off for other places.
-# Times were computed using formulas in the U.S. Naval Observatory's
-# Almanac for Computers 1988; the formulas "will give EqT to an accuracy of
-# [plus or minus two] seconds during the current year."
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	2	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	4	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	9	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:15s -0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:40s -0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:25s -0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	14	12:08:50s -0:08:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	17	12:09:50s -0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:10s -0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	20	12:10:50s -0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:25s -0:11:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:40s -0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	24	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:25s -0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:40s -0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	28	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	4	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	26	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:45s -0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Feb	29	12:12:30s -0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	3	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:30s -0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:15s -0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:00s -0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	8	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:30s -0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:15s -0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:00s -0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:45s -0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:10s -0:09:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	15	12:08:55s -0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:40s -0:08:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:20s -0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	19	12:07:45s -0:07:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:30s -0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:10s -0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	22	12:06:50s -0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:35s -0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	29	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	1	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	8	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:00s -0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:45s -0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:30s -0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:30s 0:00:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	20	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	25	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	1	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	2	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	3	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	4	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	5	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	6	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	7	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	8	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	10	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	18	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	20	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	21	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	22	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	23	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	24	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	25	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	26	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	27	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	28	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	30	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	May	31	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:50s 0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	8	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:15s 0:00:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:25s 0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	13	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	18	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	22	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	27	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:15s -0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:40s -0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	2	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:45s -0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:55s -0:04:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	8	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	5	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:35s -0:04:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:25s -0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	18	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	22	12:02:50s -0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	26	12:01:45s -0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	29	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:15s -0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	1	11:59:55s 0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	10	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:15s 0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	13	11:55:50s 0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:30s 0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:10s 0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	16	11:54:50s 0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:25s 0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:05s 0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	19	11:53:45s 0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:25s 0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:00s 0:07:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:40s 0:07:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:20s 0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:00s 0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:40s 0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:15s 0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	27	11:50:55s 0:09:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:35s 0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Sep	30	11:49:55s 0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:35s 0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:20s 0:10:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:00s 0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:40s 0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:25s 0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:05s 0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	7	11:47:50s 0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:30s 0:12:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:15s 0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:45s 0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	10	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	17	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:15s 0:14:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:25s 0:14:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:40s 0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:55s 0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:10s 0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	25	11:47:05s 0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:40s 0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	28	11:48:00s 0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:25s 0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:45s 0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	1	11:49:05s 0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:30s 0:10:30 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:55s 0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:40s 0:09:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	6	11:51:05s 0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:35s 0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	8	11:52:00s 0:08:00 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:25s 0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:55s 0:07:05 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:20s 0:06:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:50s 0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	13	11:54:15s 0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:45s 0:05:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	15	11:55:15s 0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:45s 0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	17	11:56:15s 0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	19	11:57:10s 0:02:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	21	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:40s 0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	23	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:40s 0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	25	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	27	12:01:10s -0:01:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	29	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol88	1988	only	-	Dec	31	12:03:05s -0:03:05 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1988, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh88	3:07:04	-		zzz	1988
-			3:07:04	sol88		zzz	1989
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh88	Mideast/Riyadh88
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/solar89 b/extra/zoneinfo/solar89
deleted file mode 100644
index af93235697..0000000000
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/solar89
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,395 +0,0 @@
-# 
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# Apparent noon times below are for Riyadh; they're a bit off for other places.
-# Times were computed using a formula provided by the U. S. Naval Observatory:
-#	eqt = -105.8 * sin(l) + 596.2 * sin(2 * l) + 4.4 * sin(3 * l)
-#		-12.7 * sin(4 * l) - 429.0 * cos(l) - 2.1 * cos (2 * l)
-#		+ 19.3 * cos(3 * l);
-# where l is the "mean longitude of the Sun" given by
-#	l = 279.642 degrees + 0.985647 * d
-# and d is the interval in days from January 0, 0 hours Universal Time
-# (equaling the day of the year plus the fraction of a day from zero hours).
-# The accuracy of the formula is plus or minus three seconds.
-#
-# Rounding to the nearest five seconds results in fewer than
-# 256 different "time types"--a limit that's faced because time types are
-# stored on disk as unsigned chars.
-
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	1	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	2	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	3	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	4	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	5	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	7	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	8	12:06:45s -0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	9	12:07:10s -0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	10	12:07:35s -0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	11	12:07:55s -0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	12	12:08:20s -0:08:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	13	12:08:45s -0:08:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	14	12:09:05s -0:09:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	15	12:09:25s -0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	16	12:09:45s -0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	17	12:10:05s -0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	18	12:10:25s -0:10:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	19	12:10:45s -0:10:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	20	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	21	12:11:20s -0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	22	12:11:35s -0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	23	12:11:55s -0:11:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	24	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	25	12:12:20s -0:12:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	26	12:12:35s -0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	27	12:12:50s -0:12:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	28	12:13:00s -0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	29	12:13:10s -0:13:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	30	12:13:20s -0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jan	31	12:13:30s -0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	1	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	2	12:13:45s -0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	3	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	4	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	5	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	6	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	7	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	8	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	9	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	10	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	11	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	12	12:14:20s -0:14:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	13	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	14	12:14:15s -0:14:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	15	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	16	12:14:10s -0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	17	12:14:05s -0:14:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	18	12:14:00s -0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	19	12:13:55s -0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	20	12:13:50s -0:13:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	21	12:13:40s -0:13:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	22	12:13:35s -0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	23	12:13:25s -0:13:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	24	12:13:15s -0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	25	12:13:05s -0:13:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	26	12:12:55s -0:12:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	27	12:12:45s -0:12:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Feb	28	12:12:35s -0:12:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	1	12:12:25s -0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	2	12:12:10s -0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	3	12:12:00s -0:12:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	4	12:11:45s -0:11:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	5	12:11:35s -0:11:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	6	12:11:20s -0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	7	12:11:05s -0:11:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	8	12:10:50s -0:10:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	9	12:10:35s -0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	10	12:10:20s -0:10:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	11	12:10:05s -0:10:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	12	12:09:50s -0:09:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	13	12:09:30s -0:09:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	14	12:09:15s -0:09:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	15	12:09:00s -0:09:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	16	12:08:40s -0:08:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	17	12:08:25s -0:08:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	18	12:08:05s -0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	19	12:07:50s -0:07:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	20	12:07:30s -0:07:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	21	12:07:15s -0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	22	12:06:55s -0:06:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	23	12:06:35s -0:06:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	24	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	25	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	26	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	27	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	28	12:05:05s -0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	29	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	30	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Mar	31	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	1	12:03:55s -0:03:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	2	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	3	12:03:20s -0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	4	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	5	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	6	12:02:25s -0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	7	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	8	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	9	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	10	12:01:20s -0:01:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	11	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	12	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	13	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	14	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	15	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	16	11:59:50s 0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	17	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	18	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	19	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	20	11:58:55s 0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	21	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	22	11:58:30s 0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	23	11:58:20s 0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	24	11:58:10s 0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	25	11:58:00s 0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	26	11:57:50s 0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	27	11:57:40s 0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	28	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Apr	30	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	1	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	2	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	3	11:56:50s 0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	4	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	5	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	6	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	7	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	8	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	9	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	10	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	11	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	13	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	14	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	15	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	16	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	17	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	18	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	19	11:56:25s 0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	20	11:56:30s 0:03:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	21	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	22	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	23	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	24	11:56:45s 0:03:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	25	11:56:55s 0:03:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	26	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	27	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	28	11:57:15s 0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	29	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	30	11:57:30s 0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	May	31	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	1	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	2	11:57:55s 0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	3	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	4	11:58:15s 0:01:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	5	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	6	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	7	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	8	11:59:00s 0:01:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	9	11:59:10s 0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	10	11:59:20s 0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	11	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	12	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	13	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	14	12:00:10s -0:00:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	15	12:00:25s -0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	16	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	17	12:00:50s -0:00:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	18	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	19	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	20	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	21	12:01:40s -0:01:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	22	12:01:55s -0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	23	12:02:10s -0:02:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	25	12:02:35s -0:02:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	26	12:02:45s -0:02:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	27	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	28	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	29	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jun	30	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	1	12:03:45s -0:03:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	2	12:04:00s -0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	3	12:04:10s -0:04:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	4	12:04:20s -0:04:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	5	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	6	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	7	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	8	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	9	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	11	12:05:25s -0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	12	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	13	12:05:40s -0:05:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	14	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	15	12:05:55s -0:05:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	16	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	17	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	18	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	19	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	20	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	21	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	22	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	23	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	24	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	25	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	26	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	27	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	28	12:06:30s -0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	29	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	30	12:06:25s -0:06:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Jul	31	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	1	12:06:20s -0:06:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	2	12:06:15s -0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	3	12:06:10s -0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	4	12:06:05s -0:06:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	5	12:06:00s -0:06:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	6	12:05:50s -0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	7	12:05:45s -0:05:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	8	12:05:35s -0:05:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	9	12:05:30s -0:05:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	10	12:05:20s -0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	11	12:05:10s -0:05:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	12	12:05:00s -0:05:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	13	12:04:50s -0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	14	12:04:40s -0:04:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	15	12:04:30s -0:04:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	16	12:04:15s -0:04:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	17	12:04:05s -0:04:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	18	12:03:50s -0:03:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	19	12:03:35s -0:03:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	20	12:03:25s -0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	21	12:03:10s -0:03:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	22	12:02:55s -0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	23	12:02:40s -0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	24	12:02:20s -0:02:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	25	12:02:05s -0:02:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	26	12:01:50s -0:01:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	27	12:01:30s -0:01:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	28	12:01:15s -0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	29	12:00:55s -0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	30	12:00:40s -0:00:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Aug	31	12:00:20s -0:00:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	1	12:00:00s 0:00:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	2	11:59:45s 0:00:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	3	11:59:25s 0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	4	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	5	11:58:45s 0:01:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	6	11:58:25s 0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	7	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	8	11:57:45s 0:02:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	9	11:57:20s 0:02:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	10	11:57:00s 0:03:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	11	11:56:40s 0:03:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	12	11:56:20s 0:03:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	13	11:56:00s 0:04:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	14	11:55:35s 0:04:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	15	11:55:15s 0:04:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	16	11:54:55s 0:05:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	17	11:54:35s 0:05:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	18	11:54:10s 0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	19	11:53:50s 0:06:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	20	11:53:30s 0:06:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	21	11:53:10s 0:06:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	22	11:52:45s 0:07:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	23	11:52:25s 0:07:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	24	11:52:05s 0:07:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	25	11:51:45s 0:08:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	26	11:51:25s 0:08:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	27	11:51:05s 0:08:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	28	11:50:40s 0:09:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	29	11:50:20s 0:09:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Sep	30	11:50:00s 0:10:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	1	11:49:45s 0:10:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	2	11:49:25s 0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	3	11:49:05s 0:10:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	4	11:48:45s 0:11:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	5	11:48:30s 0:11:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	6	11:48:10s 0:11:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	7	11:47:50s 0:12:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	8	11:47:35s 0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	9	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	10	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	11	11:46:45s 0:13:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	12	11:46:30s 0:13:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	13	11:46:15s 0:13:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	14	11:46:00s 0:14:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	15	11:45:50s 0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	16	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	17	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	19	11:45:00s 0:15:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	20	11:44:50s 0:15:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	21	11:44:40s 0:15:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	22	11:44:30s 0:15:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	23	11:44:20s 0:15:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	24	11:44:10s 0:15:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	25	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	26	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	27	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	28	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	29	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	30	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Oct	31	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	1	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	2	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	3	11:43:30s 0:16:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	4	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	5	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	6	11:43:35s 0:16:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	7	11:43:40s 0:16:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	8	11:43:45s 0:16:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	9	11:43:50s 0:16:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	10	11:43:55s 0:16:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	11	11:44:00s 0:16:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	12	11:44:05s 0:15:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	13	11:44:15s 0:15:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	14	11:44:25s 0:15:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	15	11:44:35s 0:15:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	16	11:44:45s 0:15:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	17	11:44:55s 0:15:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	18	11:45:10s 0:14:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	19	11:45:20s 0:14:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	20	11:45:35s 0:14:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	21	11:45:50s 0:14:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	22	11:46:05s 0:13:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	23	11:46:25s 0:13:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	24	11:46:40s 0:13:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	25	11:47:00s 0:13:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	26	11:47:20s 0:12:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	27	11:47:35s 0:12:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	28	11:47:55s 0:12:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	29	11:48:20s 0:11:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Nov	30	11:48:40s 0:11:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	1	11:49:00s 0:11:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	2	11:49:25s 0:10:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	3	11:49:50s 0:10:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	4	11:50:15s 0:09:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	5	11:50:35s 0:09:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	6	11:51:00s 0:09:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	7	11:51:30s 0:08:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	8	11:51:55s 0:08:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	9	11:52:20s 0:07:40 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	10	11:52:50s 0:07:10 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	11	11:53:15s 0:06:45 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	12	11:53:45s 0:06:15 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	13	11:54:10s 0:05:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	14	11:54:40s 0:05:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	15	11:55:10s 0:04:50 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	16	11:55:40s 0:04:20 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	17	11:56:05s 0:03:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	18	11:56:35s 0:03:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	19	11:57:05s 0:02:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	20	11:57:35s 0:02:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	21	11:58:05s 0:01:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	22	11:58:35s 0:01:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	23	11:59:05s 0:00:55 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	24	11:59:35s 0:00:25 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	25	12:00:05s -0:00:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	26	12:00:35s -0:00:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	27	12:01:05s -0:01:05 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	28	12:01:35s -0:01:35 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	29	12:02:00s -0:02:00 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	30	12:02:30s -0:02:30 -
-Rule	sol89	1989	only	-	Dec	31	12:03:00s -0:03:00 -
-
-# Riyadh is at about 46 degrees 46 minutes East:  3 hrs, 7 mins, 4 secs
-# Before and after 1989, we'll operate on local mean solar time.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh89	3:07:04	-		zzz	1989
-			3:07:04	sol89		zzz	1990
-			3:07:04	-		zzz
-# For backward compatibility...
-Link	Asia/Riyadh89	Mideast/Riyadh89
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica b/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica
index 9ef8b82607..b66cb88b13 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/southamerica
@@ -1,55 +1,35 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for South America and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-05):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
-# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# .
-#
-# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
-# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
-# Earlier editions of these tables used the North American style (e.g. ARST and
-# ARDT for Argentine Standard and Daylight Time), but the following quote
-# suggests that it's better to use European style (e.g. ART and ARST).
-#	I suggest the use of _Summer time_ instead of the more cumbersome
-#	_daylight-saving time_.  _Summer time_ seems to be in general use
-#	in Europe and South America.
-#	-- E O Cutler, _New York Times_ (1937-02-14), quoted in
-#	H L Mencken, _The American Language: Supplement I_ (1960), p 466
-#
-# Earlier editions of these tables also used the North American style
-# for time zones in Brazil, but this was incorrect, as Brazilians say
-# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a Sao Paulo businessman active in
-# the railroad sector, writes (1999-07-06):
-#	The subject of time zones is currently a matter of discussion/debate in
-#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasilia time" is considered the
-#	"official time" because Brasilia is the capital city.
-#	The other three time zones are called "Brasilia time "minus one" or
-#	"plus one" or "plus two".  As far as I know there is no such
-#	name/designation as "Eastern Time" or "Central Time".
-# So I invented the following (English-language) abbreviations for now.
-# Corrections are welcome!
-#		std	dst
-#	-2:00	FNT	FNST	Fernando de Noronha
-#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasilia
-#	-4:00	AMT	AMST	Amazon
-#	-5:00	ACT	ACST	Acre
+# These tables use numeric abbreviations like -03 and -0330 for
+# integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier editions used
+# alphabetic time zone abbreviations, these abbreviations were
+# invented and did not reflect common practice.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -61,7 +41,7 @@
 # Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
 # Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.
 
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-199):
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
 # ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC
 
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
@@ -69,36 +49,36 @@
 # AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
 # obtaining the data from the:
-# Talleres de Hidrografia Naval Argentina
+# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
 # (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
 Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving
@@ -109,7 +89,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
 # which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
 # from the International Date Line.
-Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):
 # DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted
 # to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that
@@ -117,13 +97,13 @@ Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
-# We just checked with our Sao Paulo office and they say the government of
+# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
 # Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
 # So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
 #
-# From Fabian L. Arce Jofre (2000-04-04):
+# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
 # The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
-# de la Rua on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
 # in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
@@ -131,7 +111,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
 # in effect.... The article is at
 # http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
-# ... The Law itself is "Ley No 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
 # 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
 # http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
 # Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
@@ -156,15 +136,13 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
 # March, although exact rules are not given.
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
 # The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
-# the lower chamber too (Deputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
+# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
 # By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
 # the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
 # clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
-# 
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
-# 
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
 # For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
@@ -174,67 +152,49 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
 # Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
 #
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
-# 
-# OR
-# 
 # http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)
-# 
 
-# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-10-06):
-# Here is some info available at a Gentoo bug related to TZ on Argentina's DST:
-# ...
-# ------- Comment #1 from [jmdocile]  2008-10-06 16:28 0000 -------
-# Hi, there is a problem with timezone-data-2008e and maybe with
-# timezone-data-2008f
-# Argentinian law [Number] 25.155 is no longer valid.
-# 
+# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)
+# via Rodrigo Severo:
+# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
-# 
-# The new one is law [Number] 26.350
-# 
+# The new one is law No. 26.350
 # http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
-# 
 # So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
-# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST in Argentina
-# From 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15
-# 
+# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST
+# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer 2008/2009:
-# Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La Pampa, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz
-# and Tierra del Fuego
-# 
+
+# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
+# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
+# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
 # http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
-# 
 #
-# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the Province of Jujuy saying
-# it will not apply DST either (even when it was not included in Decree 1705/2008)
-# 
+# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the
+# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not
+# included in Decree 1705/2008).
 # http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc
-# 
 
 # From fullinet (2009-10-18):
 # As announced in
-# 
 # http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
-# 
-# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora" (english: "No hour change")
+# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"
+# (English: "No hour change").
 #
-# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvio no modificar la hora
-# oficial, decision que estaba en estudio para su implementacion el
-# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificacion se anuncio
-# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorologicas, no necesita
-# la modificacion del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
-# crecimiento en la produccion y distribucion energetica."
+# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
+# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
+# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
+# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
+# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
+# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
 
-Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
 # Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
@@ -244,12 +204,14 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
 # now we'll assume it's for this year only.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# 
-# Hora de verano para la Republica Argentina (2003-06-08)
-#  says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-31):
+# Hora de verano para la República Argentina
+# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
+# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
 # to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
-# over Shanks & Pottenger.
+# over Shanks & Pottenger.  It is upward compatible with Milne, who
+# says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.
+
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
 # These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
@@ -262,10 +224,10 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # time in October 17th.
 #
 # Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
-# Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman.
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
-# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucuman decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
 # yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
 # annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
 #
@@ -300,49 +262,38 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
 # as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
 #
-# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del pais
+# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
 # (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
 # country)
-# 
 # http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
-# 
 #
 # Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
 # (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
-# 
-# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/vernotae.asp?id_nota=253414
-# 
-#
-# 
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
-# 
+# https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
 # The page of the San Luis provincial government
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
-# 
 # confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
 # emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
 # time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
 # confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
 # refused to follow San Luis in this change.
 #
-# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21.st at 0:00
+# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00
 # hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
 # a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
 # independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
 # 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
 # Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
 # time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
 # important pages of 2008."
 #
 # You can use
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
-# 
 # instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
 # government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
 # from which the first one is identical to the above.
@@ -362,9 +313,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I
 # mailed them personally and never got an answer).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
-# Unless otherwise specified, data are from Shanks & Pottenger through 1992,
-# from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through
+# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
 # America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which
 # was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll
 # keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the
@@ -376,14 +327,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
 #
 # The press release is at
-# 
 # http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
-# 
-# (I couldn't find the decree, but
-# 
-# www.sanluis.gov.ar
-# 
-# is the official page for the Province Government).
+# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
+# is the official page for the Province Government.)
 #
 # There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
 # http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
@@ -400,9 +346,7 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
 #
 # The Law at
-# 
 # is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
 # October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
 # complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
@@ -422,28 +366,18 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 #
 # So I guess a new set of rules, besides "Arg", must be made and the last
 # America/Argentina/San_Luis entries should change to use these...
-#
-# I'm enclosing a patch that does what I say... regretfully, the San Luis
-# timezone must be called "WART/WARST" even when most of the time (like,
-# right now) WARST == ART... that is, since last Sunday, all the country
-# is using UTC-3, but in my patch, San Luis calls it "WARST" and the rest
-# of the country calls it "ART".
 # ...
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
-# According to news reports from El Diario de la Republica Province San
+# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San
 # Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
-# after April 11, 2010--will continue to have same time as rest of
+# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
 # Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
 #
-# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
-# 
+# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
 # http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
-# 
 # or (some English translation):
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html
-# 
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
 # yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
@@ -451,21 +385,29 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
 # stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# Milne says Cordoba time was -4:16:48.2.  Round to the nearest second.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-23):
+# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at -04
+# with perpetual daylight saving time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# just say it's at -03; see, for example,
+# https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
+# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
+# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
+# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
+# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
+# setting for timestamps past 2038.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
-Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
 #
-# Cordoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Rios (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
+# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
 # Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
@@ -477,171 +419,169 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
 #
 Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
 #
-# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquen (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
 Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Tucuman (TM)
+# Tucumán (TM)
 Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 13
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 13
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
 #
 # La Rioja (LR)
 Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # San Juan (SJ)
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Jujuy (JY)
 Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
-			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 28
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar 17
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct  6
-			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1992
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 28
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar 17
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct  6
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1992
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
 Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Mendoza (MZ)
 Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
-			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 15
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1992 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1992 Oct 18
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 23
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Sep 26
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1992 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1992 Oct 18
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 23
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Sep 26
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # San Luis (SL)
 
 Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	SanLuis	2007	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	-
 
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990
-			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1990 Mar 14
-			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Jun  1
-			-3:00	-	ART	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	1:00	WARST	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Jan 21
-			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1990 Mar 14
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Jun  1
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Jan 21
+			-4:00	SanLuis	-04/-03	2009 Oct 11
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Santa Cruz (SC)
-Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (TF)
-Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May # Cordoba Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
-			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
-			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 30
-			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
-			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
-			-3:00	-	ART
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
+Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 30
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Aruba
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Oranjestad
-			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
-			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
 
 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
-			-4:32:36 1:00	BOST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
-			-4:00	-	BOT	# Bolivia Time
+			-4:32:36 1:00	BST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
+			-4:00	-	-04
 
 # Brazil
 
@@ -654,13 +594,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
 # _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
-# Santa Catarina (SC), Parana (PR), Sao Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goias (GO),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
 # Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
 # [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]
 
 # From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
-# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goias until 1989), and other
+# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
 # sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
 # always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
 # The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
@@ -674,16 +614,14 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
 # Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
 # airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
-# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapa (AP), Ceara (CE),
-# Maranhao (MA), Paraiba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piaui (PI), and Rio Grande do
-# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Para (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
+# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
+# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
+# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
 
 # From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
-# 
-# Brazilian official page
-# 
+# Brazilian official page 
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard (2000-11-03):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
 # [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
 # http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
@@ -716,13 +654,13 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
 # ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
-# Oficial da Uniao"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
+# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
 # effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
 #
-# a) The timezone UTC+5 is e[x]tinguished, with all the Acre state and the
+# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
 # part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
 # timezone UTC+4
-# b) The whole Para state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
+# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
 # part of it, as was before.
 #
 # This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
@@ -735,13 +673,11 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
 # Just correcting the URL:
-# 
 # https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
-# 
 #
 # As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
 # timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
-# be created to represent the...west side of the Para State. I
+# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
 # suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
 # important/populated city in the affected area.
 #
@@ -750,19 +686,16 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
 # This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
-# 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
-# 
 #
-# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones-eliminating time zone UTC- 05
-# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT- 04) - western
-# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC- 03 (from UTC -04).
+# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
+# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
+# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
 # The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
-# 
-# Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
-# .
+# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
 # As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
@@ -774,25 +707,17 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
 #
 # An official page about it:
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
-# 
 # Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
 # by going to
-# 
 # http://www.mme.gov.br/first
-# 
 #
 # One example link that works directly:
-# 
 # http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
 # (Portuguese)
-# 
 #
 # We have a written a short article about it as well:
-# 
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
-# 
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
 # State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
@@ -800,17 +725,12 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # television station in Salvador.
 
 # In Portuguese:
-# 
 # http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
-#  and
-# 
-# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
-# 
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
 # There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
-# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at
-# http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
+# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
 # official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
 # still in force.
 
@@ -820,11 +740,9 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 #	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
 # I found the decree.
 #
-# DECRETO No- 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
+# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
 # Link :
-# 
 # http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6
-# 
 
 # From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
 # The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
@@ -834,90 +752,105 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
 # Tocantins state will have DST.
-# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
+# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
+# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
+# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
+# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
+# will change as well.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
+# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Decree 20,466 (1931-10-01)
-# Decree 21,896 (1932-01-10)
-Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 20,466  (1931-10-01)
+# Decree 21,896  (1932-01-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 23,195 (1933-10-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 23,195  (1933-10-10)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 27,496 (1949-11-24)
-# Decree 27,998 (1950-04-13)
-Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 27,496  (1949-11-24)
+# Decree 27,998  (1950-04-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 32,308 (1953-02-24)
+# Decree 32,308  (1953-02-24)
 Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 34,724 (1953-11-30)
+# Decree 34,724  (1953-11-30)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 52,700 (1963-10-18)
+# Decree 52,700  (1963-10-18)
 # established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
 # in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
-# Decree 53,071 (1963-12-03)
+# Decree 53,071  (1963-12-03)
 # extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
-Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 53,604 (1964-02-25)
+Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 53,604  (1964-02-25)
 # extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 55,639 (1965-01-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 55,639  (1965-01-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 57,303 (1965-11-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 57,843 (1966-02-18)
+# Decree 57,303  (1965-11-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 57,843  (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 63,429 (1968-10-15)
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 63,429  (1968-10-15)
 # revoked DST.
-# Decree 91,698 (1985-09-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 91,698  (1985-09-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
 # Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
-Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 94,922 (1987-09-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 94,922  (1987-09-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 96,676 (1988-09-12)
+# Decree 96,676  (1988-09-12)
 # except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
-Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 98,077 (1989-08-21)
+# Decree 98,077  (1989-08-21)
 # with the same exceptions
-Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 99,530 (1990-09-17)
+# Decree 99,530  (1990-09-17)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
 # Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
-Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1991-09-25)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1991-09-25)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
-Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
-# Unnumbered decree (1992-10-16)
+# Unnumbered decree  (1992-10-16)
 # adopted by same states.
-Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 942 (1993-09-28)
+# Decree 942  (1993-09-28)
 # adopted by same states, plus AM.
-# Decree 1,252 (1994-09-22;
+# Decree 1,252  (1994-09-22;
 # web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
-# Decree 1,636 (1995-09-14)
+# Decree 1,636  (1995-09-14)
 # adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
-# Decree 1,674 (1995-10-13)
+# Decree 1,674  (1995-10-13)
 # adds AL, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,000 (1996-09-04)
+# Decree 2,000  (1996-09-04)
 # adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
 # In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
@@ -927,63 +860,82 @@ Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
 #
 # Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
-Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 2,495
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 2,495 
 # (1998-02-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 2,780 (1998-09-11)
+# Decree 2,780  (1998-09-11)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,150
+# Decree 3,150 
 # (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
-# Decree 3,188 (1999-09-30)
+# Decree 3,188  (1999-09-30)
 # adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
-Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 3,592 (2000-09-06)
+# Decree 3,592  (2000-09-06)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-# Decree 3,630 (2000-10-13)
+# Decree 3,630  (2000-10-13)
 # repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
-# Decree 3,632 (2000-10-17)
+# Decree 3,632  (2000-10-17)
 # repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
-# Decree 3,916
+# Decree 3,916 
 # (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-# 4,399
-Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+# 4,399 
+Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
-# 4,844
-Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# 4,844 
+Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
-# 5,223
-Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,539 (2005-09-19),
+# 5,223 
+Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,539  (2005-09-19),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Decree 5,920 (2006-10-03),
+Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,920  (2006-10-03),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
-# Decree 6,212 (2007-09-26),
+# Decree 6,212  (2007-09-26),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
 # From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
-# Acording to this decree
-# 
+# According to this decree
 # http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
-# 
 # [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
 # 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
 # the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
-Rule	Brazil	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2008	2017	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,584  (2011-10-13)
+# added Bahia.
 Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,826  (2012-10-15)
+# removed Bahia and added Tocantins.
+# Decree 8,112  (2013-09-30)
+# removed Tocantins.
 Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2016	2022	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-18):
+# According to many media sources, next year's DST start in Brazil will move to
+# the first Sunday of November, and it will stay like that for the years after.
+# ... https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-delays-dst-2018.html
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-20):
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/D9242.htm
+#
+# From Fábio Gomes (2018-10-04):
+# The Brazilian president just announced a new change on this year DST.
+# It was scheduled to start on November 4th and it was changed to November 18th.
+# From Rodrigo Brüning Wessler (2018-10-15):
+# The Brazilian government just announced that the change in DST was
+# canceled....  Maybe the president Michel Temer also woke up one hour
+# earlier today. :)
+Rule	Brazil	2018	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2023	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2024	2025	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2026	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
@@ -1002,137 +954,194 @@ Rule	Brazil	2038	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 #
 # Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
 Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
-			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-2:00	-	FNT	1999 Sep 30
-			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-2:00	-	FNT	2001 Sep 13
-			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-2:00	-	FNT
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	1990 Sep 17
+			-2:00	-	-02	1999 Sep 30
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2000 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	-02	2001 Sep 13
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2002 Oct  1
+			-2:00	-	-02
 # Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
-# These include Trindade and Martin Vaz (administratively part of ES),
-# Atol das Rocas (RN), and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo (PE).
+# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
 # Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
 # it also included the Penedos.
 #
-# Amapa (AP), east Para (PA)
-# East Para includes Belem, Maraba, Serra Norte, and Sao Felix do Xingu.
-# The division between east and west Para is the river Xingu.
+# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
+# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
 # In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
-# the border with Amapa) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
 Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1988 Sep 12
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# west Para (PA)
-# West Para includes Altamira, Oribidos, Prainha, Oriximina, and Santarem.
+# west Pará (PA)
+# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
 Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Maranhao (MA), Piaui (PI), Ceara (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
-# Paraiba (PB)
+# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraíba (PB)
 Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
 Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 15
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Tocantins (TO)
 Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Sep 14
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2012 Oct 21
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Sep 14
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	-03	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2013 Sep
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
 Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Oct 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1996 Sep  4
-			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Oct 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1996 Sep  4
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
 # Bahia (BA)
 # There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
 # of America/Salvador.
 Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
-			-3:00	-	BRT	2011 Oct 16
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2012 Oct 21
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	-03	2011 Oct 16
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	-	-03
 #
-# Goias (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
-# Espirito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR),
+# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
 # Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
 Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23 00:00
-			-3:00	1:00	BRST	1964
-			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1963 Oct 23  0:00
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1964
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02
 #
 # Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
 Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
 #
 # Mato Grosso (MT)
 Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2003 Sep 24
-			-4:00	-	AMT	2004 Oct  1
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2003 Sep 24
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Oct  1
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
 #
-# Rondonia (RO)
+# Rondônia (RO)
 Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04
 #
 # Roraima (RR)
 Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	1999 Sep 30
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	1999 Sep 30
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2000 Oct 15
+			-4:00	-	-04
 #
-# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutai, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
 # The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
 # east from west Amazonas.
 Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-4:00	-	AMT	1993 Sep 28
-			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1994 Sep 22
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	1993 Sep 28
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1994 Sep 22
+			-4:00	-	-04
 #
 # west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
-#	Eirunepe, Envira, Ipixuna
+#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
 Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
-			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-5:00	-	ACT	1993 Sep 28
-			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1994 Sep 22
-			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	-05	1993 Sep 28
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1994 Sep 22
+			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	-05
 #
 # Acre (AC)
 Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
-			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
-			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24 00:00
-			-4:00	-	AMT
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	-05
 
 # Chile
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
+# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
+# 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
+# was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
+# standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
+#
+# Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
+# the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
+# [1] Chile Law
+# http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
+# This contains a copy of this official table:
+# Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
+# [1] needs several corrections, though.
+#
+# The first set of corrections is from:
+# [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
+# This is an English translation of:
+# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
+# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
+# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
+#    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
+#    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
+#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [2], rounding it to -4:42:46.
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
+#    at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
+#    go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.
+#
+# Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
+# wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
+# the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
+# says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
+# 1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
+# respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."
+#
+# Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
+# Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
+# Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
+# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
+# may well be true for earlier transitions.
+
 # From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
 # The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
 # of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
@@ -1145,92 +1154,35 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
 # on April 3, (one-time change).
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-08):
-# I think that there are some obvious mistakes in the suggested link
-# from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66 says that GMT-4
-# ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at 1990-09-15
-# (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16 respectively), but
-# anyhow it clears up some doubts too.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-27):
-# The following data for Chile and America/Santiago are from
-#  (2006-09-20), transcribed by
-# Jesper Norgaard Welen.  The data for Pacific/Easter are from Shanks
-# & Pottenger, except with DST transitions after 1932 cloned from
-# America/Santiago.  The pre-1980 Pacific/Easter data are dubious,
-# but we have no other source.
-
-# From German Poo-Caaman~o (2008-03-03):
+# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
 # Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
 # is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
 # and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
 # The Supreme Decree is located at
-# 
 # http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
-# 
-# and the instructions for 2008 are located in:
-# 
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# .
-
-# From Jose Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
-# ...
-# You could see the announces of the change on
-# 
+#
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
 # http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm
-# .
 
 # From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
 # Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
-# 
 # http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
-# 
-# (in Spanish, last paragraph).
 #
-# This is breaking news. There should be more information available later.
-
-# From Arthur Daivd Olson (2010-03-06):
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-03-06):
 # Angel Chiang's message confirmed by Julio Pacheco; Julio provided a patch.
 
-# From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-02): [geychaner@mac.com]
-# It appears that the Chilean government has decided to postpone the
-# change from summer time to winter time again, by three weeks to April
-# 2nd:
-# 
-# http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=467651
-# 
-#
-# This is not yet reflected in the offical "cambio de hora" site, but
-# probably will be soon:
-# 
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
-# 
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-03-02):
-# The emol.com article mentions a water shortage as the cause of the
-# postponement, which may mean that it's not a permanent change.
-
 # From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
-# The article:
-# 
 # http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
-# 
-#
 # In English:
 # Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
 # of this Saturday. They will go forward again the 3rd Saturday in
-# August, not in October as they have since 1968. This is a pilot plan
-# which will be reevaluated in 2012.
+# August, not in October as they have since 1968.
 
 # From Mauricio Parada (2012-02-22), translated by Glenn Eychaner (2012-02-23):
 # As stated in the website of the Chilean Energy Ministry
 # http://www.minenergia.cl/ministerio/noticias/generales/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de.html
 # The Chilean Government has decided to postpone the entrance into winter time
-# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012. The decision has not
-# been yet formalized but it will within the next days.
+# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012....
 # Quote from the website communication:
 #
 # 6. For the year 2012, the dates of entry into winter time will be as follows:
@@ -1248,39 +1200,88 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
 # http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm
 
-# NOTE: ChileAQ rules for Antarctic bases are stored separately in the
-# 'antarctica' file.
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
+# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
+# dates to 2014.
+# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
+# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf
+
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2015-03-03):
+# Today has been published officially that Chile will use the DST time
+# permanently until March 25 of 2017
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/media/2015/03/03/1-large.jpg
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# For now, assume that the extension will persist indefinitely.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-03-18):
+# The decree regarding DST has been published in today's Official Gazette:
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do/20160318/
+# http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1088502
+# It does consider the second Saturday of May and August as the dates
+# for the transition; and it lists DST dates until 2019, but I think
+# this scheme will stick.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# For now, assume the pattern holds for the indefinite future.
+# The decree says transitions occur at 24:00; in practice this appears
+# to mean 24:00 mainland time, not 24:00 local time, so that Easter
+# Island is always two hours behind the mainland.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-12-04):
+# Magallanes region ... will keep DST (UTC -3) all year round....
+# http://www.soychile.cl/Santiago/Sociedad/2016/12/04/433428/Bachelet-firmo-el-decreto-para-establecer-un-horario-unico-para-la-Region-de-Magallanes.aspx
+#
+# From Deborah Goldsmith (2017-01-19):
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2017/01/17/41660/01/1169626.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-19):
+# The above says the Magallanes change expires 2019-05-11 at 24:00,
+# so in theory, they will revert to -04/-03 after that, which means
+# they will switch from -03 to -04 one hour after Santiago does that day.
+# For now, assume that they will not revert.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2018-08-13):
+# As of moments ago, the Ministry of Energy in Chile has announced the new
+# schema for DST. ...  Announcement in video (in Spanish):
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029000399129374720
+# From Yonathan Dossow (2018-08-13):
+# The video says "first Saturday of September", we all know it means Sunday at
+# midnight.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-08-13):
+# Translating the captions on the video at 0:44-0:55, "We want to announce as
+# Government that from 2019, Winter Time will be increased to 5 months, between
+# the first Saturday of April and the first Saturday of September."
+# At 2:08-2:20, "The Magallanes region will maintain its current time, as
+# decided by the citizens during 2017, but our Government will promote a
+# regional dialogue table to gather their opinion on this matter."
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029009354001973248
+# "We will keep the new time policy unchanged for at least the next 4 years."
+# So we extend the new rules on Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time indefinitely.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Chile	1927	1932	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1942	only	-	Jun	 1	4:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1942	only	-	Aug	 1	5:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1946	only	-	Jul	15	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	3:00u	0:00	-
-Rule	Chile	1947	only	-	Apr	 1	4:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1970	only	-	Mar	29	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1971	only	-	Mar	14	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 # N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
 # which is used below in specifying the transition.
@@ -1288,92 +1289,147 @@ Rule	Chile	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Apr	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:46 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 	    # Santiago Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	CLT	1916 Jul  1 # Chile Time
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep  1 # Santiago Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	CLT	1919 Jul  1 # Chile Time
-			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1 # Santiago Mean Time
-			-5:00	Chile	CL%sT	1947 May 22 # Chile Time
-			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT
-Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:44 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1946 Jul 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1946 Sep  1 # central Chile
+			-4:00	-	-04	1947 Apr  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03
+Zone America/Punta_Arenas -4:43:40 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10
+			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1947 Apr  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
+			-3:00	-	-03
+Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-7:17:28 -	EMT	1932 Sep    # Easter Mean Time
-			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 13 21:00 # Easter I Time
-			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT
+			-7:00	Chile	-07/-06	1982 Mar 14 3:00u # Easter Time
+			-6:00	Chile	-06/-05
 #
-# Sala y Gomez Island is like Pacific/Easter.
-# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernandez Is, San Ambrosio,
-# San Felix, and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
+# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+
+# Antarctic base using South American rules
+# (See the file 'antarctica' for more.)
+#
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+#
+# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
+# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
+# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
+# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
+# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
+# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1982 May
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Colombia
 
-# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogota time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
 # "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
-			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogota Mean Time
-			-5:00	CO	CO%sT	# Colombia Time
+			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
+			-5:00	CO	-05/-04
 # Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
-# Curacao
+# Curaçao
 
-# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curacao mean time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
 # -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
 # Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
 # 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
-# Saba Island has been like Curacao.
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
 # This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
 #
-# By July 2007 Curacao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
 # associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
 # Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
 # Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
 # though, as far as we know.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
-			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
-# At least for now, use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
-# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen charaters
+# use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
+# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
 # and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes" below.
 
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes # Sint Maarten
-Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk # Bonaire, Sint Estatius and Saba
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 
 # Ecuador
 #
-# Milne says the Sentral and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
+# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-04):
-# Apparently Ecuador had a failed experiment with DST in 1992.
-#  (2007-02-27) and
-#  (2006-11-06) both
-# talk about "hora Sixto".  Leave this alone for now, as we have no data.
+# From Alois Treindl (2016-12-15):
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/hora-sixto-1993.html
+# ... Whether the law applied also to Galápagos, I do not know.
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-15):
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/afull/modificacion-husohorario-ecuador-presidentes-decreto.html
+# This says President Sixto Durán Ballén signed decree No. 285, which
+# established DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05; it does not give transition
+# times.  The people called it "hora de Sixto" ("Sixto hour").  The change did
+# not go over well; a popular song "Qué hora es" by Jaime Guevara had lyrics
+# that included "Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los guaguas iban a clase sin
+# sol" ("It was dawning in the middle of the night, the buses went to class
+# without sun").  Although Ballén's campaign slogan was "Ni un paso atrás"
+# (Not one step back), the clocks went back in 1993 and the experiment was not
+# repeated.  For now, assume transitions were at 00:00 local time country-wide.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Ecuador	1993	only	-	Feb	 5	0:00	0	-
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:14:00 -	QMT	1931 # Quito Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	ECT	     # Ecuador Time
+			-5:00	Ecuador	-05/-04
 Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
-			-5:00	-	ECT	1986
-			-6:00	-	GALT	     # Galapagos Time
+			-5:00	-	-05	1986
+			-6:00	Ecuador	-06/-05
 
 # Falklands
 
@@ -1382,7 +1438,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
-# via Jesper Norgaard:
+# via Jesper Nørgaard:
 # ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
 # April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
 # September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
@@ -1431,9 +1487,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 # daylight saving time.
 #
 # One source:
-# 
 # http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
-# 
 #
 # We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
 # Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
@@ -1456,61 +1510,66 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 #   the maintainers of the database to inform them we're adopting
 #   the same policy this year and suggest recommendations for future years.
 #
-# For now we will assume permanent summer time for the Falklands
+# For now we will assume permanent -03 for the Falklands
 # until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
 # experiment was apparently successful.)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12  # Stanley Mean Time
-			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	1983 May     # Falkland Is Time
-			-3:00	Falk	FK%sT	1985 Sep 15
-			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	2010 Sep 5 02:00
-			-3:00	-	FKST
+			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
+			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	1983 May
+			-3:00	Falk	-03/-02	1985 Sep 15
+			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	2010 Sep  5  2:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # French Guiana
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul
-			-4:00	-	GFT	1967 Oct # French Guiana Time
-			-3:00	-	GFT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1967 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Guyana
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar	# Georgetown
-			-3:45	-	GBGT	1966 May 26 # Br Guiana Time
-			-3:45	-	GYT	1975 Jul 31 # Guyana Time
-			-3:00	-	GYT	1991
+Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
+			-3:45	-	-0345	1975 Jul 31
+			-3:00	-	-03	1991
 # IATA SSIM (1996-06) says -4:00.  Assume a 1991 switch.
-			-4:00	-	GYT
+			-4:00	-	-04
 
 # Paraguay
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are from 01:00 -> 02:00,
-# and autumn transitions are from 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
 # editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
+#
+# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
+# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
+# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
@@ -1519,9 +1578,8 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # (10-01).
 #
 # Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
-# 
-# Noticias, a daily paper in Asuncion, Paraguay (2000-10-01)
-# :
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01):
+# http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm
 # Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
 # fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
 # system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
@@ -1529,34 +1587,31 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
 # clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
 #
-Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
 # (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
 Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
-# A decree was issued in Paraguay (no. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
+# A decree was issued in Paraguay (No. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
 # dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
 # April.
 Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 #
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
 # There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
 # a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
 # Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso via Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
-# 
-Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
+Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-# From Carlos Raul Perasso (2010-02-18):
-# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday (
-# 
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
+# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
 # http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
-# 
-# )
 # Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
 # modifying the October date. The decree reads:
 # ...
@@ -1565,29 +1620,32 @@ Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 # and that on the first Sunday of the month of October, it is to be set
 # forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
 # ...
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
 # Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
-# They do not tell if this will be a permanent change or just this year....
 # http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-07):
-# For now, assume it's just this year.
-Rule	Para	2013	only	-	Mar	24	0:00	0	-
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
+# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
+# Decree 1264 can be found at:
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
+Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
-			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time
-			-4:00	-	PYT	1972 Oct # Paraguay Time
-			-3:00	-	PYT	1974 Apr
-			-4:00	Para	PY%sT
+			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	-04	1972 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03	1974 Apr
+			-4:00	Para	-04/-03
 
 # Peru
 #
-# 
-# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26):
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
+# :
 # When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
 # sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
 #
@@ -1595,26 +1653,26 @@ Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 # Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
-			-5:00	Peru	PE%sT	# Peru Time
+			-5:00	Peru	-05/-04
 
 # South Georgia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
-			-2:00	-	GST	# South Georgia Time
+Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890 # Grytviken
+			-2:00	-	-02
 
 # South Sandwich Is
 # uninhabited; scientific personnel have wintered
@@ -1623,105 +1681,286 @@ Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890		# Grytviken
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
 			-3:40:52 -	PMT	1935     # Paramaribo Mean Time
-			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct # The capital moved?
-			-3:30	-	NEGT	1975 Nov 20 # Dutch Guiana Time
-			-3:30	-	SRT	1984 Oct # Suriname Time
-			-3:00	-	SRT
+			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct    # The capital moved?
+			-3:30	-	-0330	1984 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03
 
 # Trinidad and Tobago
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
+# These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Antigua
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Montserrat
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
+
 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 # Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-20), per Jeremie Bonjour (2018-01-31) and Michael
+# Deckers (2018-02-20):
+# ... At least they kept good records...
+#
+# http://www.armada.mil.uy/ContenidosPDFs/sohma/web/almanaque/almanaque_2018.pdf#page=36
+# Page 36 of Almanaque 2018, published by the Oceanography, Hydrography, and
+# Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy, seems to give many transitions
+# with greater clarity than we've had before.  It directly references many laws
+# and decrees which are, in turn, referenced below.  They can be viewed in the
+# public archives of the Diario Oficial (in Spanish) at
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/
+#
+# Ley No. 3920 of 1908-06-10 placed the determination of legal time under the
+# auspices of the National Institute for the Prediction of Time.  It is unclear
+# exactly what offset was used during this period, though Ley No. 7200 of
+# 1920-04-23 used the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in
+# Montevideo (34° 54' 33" S, 56° 12' 45" W) as its reference meridian,
+# retarding legal time by 15 minutes 9 seconds from 1920-04-30 24:00,
+# resulting in UT-04.  Assume the corresponding LMT of UT-03:44:51 (given on
+# page 725 of the Proceedings of the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress,
+# 1915-1916) was in use, and merely became official from 1908-06-10.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1908/06/18/12
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1920/04/27/9
+#
+# Ley No. 7594 of 1923-06-28 specified legal time as Observatory time advanced
+# by 44 minutes 51 seconds (UT-03) "from 30 September to 31 March", and by 14
+# minutes 51 seconds (UT-03:30) "the rest of the year"; a message from the
+# National Council of Administration the same day, published directly below the
+# law in the Diario Oficial, specified the first transition to be 1923-09-30
+# 24:00.  This effectively established standard time at UT-03:30 with 30
+# minutes DST.  Assume transitions at 24:00 on the specified days until Ley No.
+# 7919 of 1926-03-05 ended this arrangement, repealing all "laws and other
+# provisions which oppose" it, resulting in year-round UT-03:30; a Resolución
+# of 1926-03-11 puts the final transition at 1926-03-31 24:00, the same as it
+# would have been under the previous law.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1923/07/02/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/10/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/18/2
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives 1923 Oct 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1923	only	-	Oct	 2	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1923	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1933	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 1 0:00 & 1936 Mar 30 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Uruguay	1934	1936	-	Mar	Sat>=25	23:30s	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1936	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1937	1941	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-# Whitman gives 1937 Oct 3; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1937	1940	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
-# Whitman gives 1941 Oct 24 - 1942 Mar 27, 1942 Dec 14 - 1943 Apr 13,
-# and 1943 Apr 13 ``to present time''; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1933/10/27/6
+#
+# It appears Ley No. 9122 of 1933 was never published as such in the Diario
+# Oficial, but instead appeared as Document 26 in the Diario on Friday
+# 1933-10-27 as a decree made Monday 1933-10-23 and filed under the Ministry of
+# National Defense.  It reinstituted a DST of 30 minutes (to UT-03) "from the
+# last Sunday of October...until the last Saturday of March."  In accordance
+# with this provision, the first transition was explicitly specified in Article
+# 2 of the decree as Saturday 1933-10-28 at 24:00; that is, Sunday 1933-10-29
+# at 00:00.  Assume transitions at 00:00 Sunday throughout.
+#
+# Departing from the matter-of-fact nature of previous timekeeping laws, the
+# 1933 decree "consider[s] the advantages of...the advance of legal time":
+#
+#   "Whereas: The measure adopted by almost all nations at the time of the last
+#    World War still persists in North America and Europe, precisely because of
+#    the economic, hygienic, and social advantages derived from such an
+#    emergency measure...
+#
+#    Whereas: The advance of the legal time during the summer seasons, by
+#    displacing social activity near sunrise, favors the citizen populations
+#    and especially the society that creates and works..."
+#
+# It further specified that "necessary measures" be taken to ensure that
+# "public spectacles finish, in general, before [01:00]."
+Rule	Uruguay	1933	1938	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1934	1941	-	Mar	lastSat	24:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Most of the Rules below, and their contemporaneous Zone lines, have been
+# updated simply to match the Almanaque 2018.  Although the document does not
+# list exact transition times, midnight transitions were already present in our
+# data here for all transitions through 2004-09, and this is both consistent
+# with prior transitions and verified in several decrees marked below between
+# 1939-09 and 2004-09, wherein the relevant text was typically of the form:
+#
+#   "From 0 hours on [date], the legal time of the entire Republic will be...
+#
+#    In accordance with [the preceding], on [previous date] at 24 hours, all
+#    clocks throughout the Republic will be [advanced/retarded] by..."
+#
+# It is possible that there is greater specificity to be found for the Rules
+# below, but it is buried in no fewer than 40 different decrees individually
+# referenced by the Almanaque for the period from 1939-09 to 2014-09.
+# Four-fifths of these were promulgated less than two weeks before taking
+# effect; more than half within a week and none more than 5 weeks.  Only the
+# handful with comments below have been checked with any thoroughness.
+Rule	Uruguay	1939	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1940	only	-	Oct	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1145 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1941-07-26, specified
+# UT-03 from Friday 1941-08-01 00:00, citing an "urgent...need to save fuel".
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1941/08/04/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1866 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1942-12-09, specified
+# further advancement (to UT-02:30) from Sunday 1942-12-13 24:00.  Since clocks
+# never went back to UT-03:30 thereafter, this is modeled as advancing standard
+# time by 30 minutes to UT-03, while retaining 30 minutes of DST.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1942/12/16/3
+Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1943	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	Nov	15	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1965	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Apr	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Sep	26	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1966	1967	-	Oct	31	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	Dec	 2	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	24	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Aug	15	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	May	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	12	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks & Pottenger say no DST was observed in 1990/1 and 1991/2,
-# and that 1992/3's DST was from 10-25 to 03-01.  Go with IATA.
-Rule	Uruguay	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 321/968 of 1968-05-25, citing emergency drought measures decreed the
+# day before, brought clocks forward 30 minutes from Monday 1968-05-27 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1968/05/30/5
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 188/970 of 1970-04-23 instituted restrictions on electricity
+# consumption "as a consequence of the current rainfall regime in the country".
+# Articles 13 and 14 advanced clocks by an hour from Saturday 1970-04-25 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1970/04/29/4
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Jun	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	23	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Jul	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 29/974 of 1974-01-11, citing "the international rise in the price of
+# oil", advanced clocks by 90 minutes (to UT-01:30).  Decreto 163/974 of
+# 1974-03-04 returned 60 of those minutes (to UT-02:30), and the remaining 30
+# minutes followed in Decreto 679/974 of 1974-08-29.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/01/22/11
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/03/14/3
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/09/04/6
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Jan	13	 0:00	1:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1975	only	-	Mar	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Dec	19	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	1979	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Dec	17	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Apr	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 725/987 of 1987-12-04 cited "better use of national tourist
+# attractions" to advance clocks one hour from Monday 1987-12-14 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1988/01/25/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	 5	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Paul Eggert (1999-11-04):
+# IATA agrees as below for 1990-10 through 1993-02.  Per Almanaque 2018, the
+# 1992/1993 season appears to be the first in over half a century where DST
+# both began and ended pursuant to the same decree.
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1991	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
-# The uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/decretos/2004091502.htm
-Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 328/004 of 2004-09-15.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2004/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
 # Uruguay's DST was scheduled to end on Sunday, 2005-03-13, but in order to
 # save energy ... it was postponed two weeks....
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/noticias/2005/03/2005031005.htm
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# This 2005 postponement is not in Almanaque 2018.  Go with the contemporaneous
+# reporting, which is confirmed by Decreto 107/005 of 2005-03-10 amending
+# Decreto 328/004:
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/03/15/documentos.pdf#page=1
+# The original decree specified a transition of 2005-03-12 24:00, but the new
+# one specified 2005-03-27 02:00.
 Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2005-09-27):
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/decretos/2005/09/CM%20119_09%2009%202005_00001.PDF
-# This means that from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at
-# 02:00 local time, official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
-Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2006/09/CM%20210_08%2006%202006_00001.PDF
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
-			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1	# Montevideo MT
-			-3:30	Uruguay	UY%sT	1942 Dec 14	# Uruguay Time
-			-3:00	Uruguay	UY%sT
+# ...from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at 02:00 local time,
+# official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 318/005 of 2005-09-19.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# Decreto 311/006 of 2006-09-04 established regular DST from the first Sunday
+# of October at 02:00 through the second Sunday of March at 02:00.  Almanaque
+# 2018 appears to have a few typoed dates through this period; ignore them.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2006/09/08/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
+# ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
+# http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
+# http://www.republica.com.uy/este-ano-no-se-modificara-el-huso-horario-en-uruguay/523760/
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-30):
+# Apparently restaurateurs complained that DST caused people to go to the beach
+# instead of out to dinner.
+# From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
+# http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 178/015 of 2015-06-29; repeals Decreto 311/006.
+
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:51 -	LMT	1908 Jun 10
+			-3:44:51 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1923 Oct  1
+			-3:30	Uruguay	-0330/-03 1942 Dec 14
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1960
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1968
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1970
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1974
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0130 1974 Mar 10
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1974 Dec 22
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02
 
 # Venezuela
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-28):
+# For the 1965 transition see Gaceta Oficial No. 27.619 (1964-12-15), p 205.533
+# http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1964/27619.pdf
+#
 # From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
 # ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
 # been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
-# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la Republica Bolivariana
-# de Venezuela, numero 38.819" (official document for all laws or
+# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
+# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
 # resolution publication)
 # http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-04-15):
+# https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/204758-venezuela-modificar-huso-horario-sequia-elnino
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-04-15):
+# Clocks advance 30 minutes on 2016-05-01 at 02:30....
+# "'Venezuela's new time-zone: hours without light, hours without water,
+# hours of presidential broadcasts, hours of lines,' quipped comedian
+# Jean Mary Curró ...". See: Cawthorne A, Kai D. Venezuela scraps
+# half-hour time difference set by Chavez. Reuters 2016-04-15 14:50 -0400
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-20):
+# ... published in the official Gazette [2016-04-18], here:
+# http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta_ext/abril/1842016/E-1842016-4551.pdf
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
-			-4:30	-	VET	1965	     # Venezuela Time
-			-4:00	-	VET	2007 Dec  9 03:00
-			-4:30	-	VET
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965 Jan  1  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2007 Dec  9  3:00
+			-4:30	-	-0430	2016 May  1  2:30
+			-4:00	-	-04
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/systemv b/extra/zoneinfo/systemv
index e651e8540d..24c8f64197 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/systemv
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/systemv
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# 
+# tzdb data for System V rules (this file is obsolete)
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/to2050.tzs b/extra/zoneinfo/to2050.tzs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a969bd539b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/to2050.tzs
@@ -0,0 +1,30993 @@
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Bamako
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Banjul
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Conakry
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Dakar
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Freetown
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Lome
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Nouakchott
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Ouagadougou
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Africa/Timbuktu
+Link	Africa/Abidjan	Atlantic/St_Helena
+Link	Africa/Cairo	Egypt
+Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Maseru
+Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Mbabane
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Bangui
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Brazzaville
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Douala
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Kinshasa
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Libreville
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Luanda
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Malabo
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Niamey
+Link	Africa/Lagos	Africa/Porto-Novo
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Blantyre
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Bujumbura
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Gaborone
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Harare
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Kigali
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Lubumbashi
+Link	Africa/Maputo	Africa/Lusaka
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Addis_Ababa
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Asmara
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Djibouti
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Kampala
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Africa/Mogadishu
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Indian/Antananarivo
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Indian/Comoro
+Link	Africa/Nairobi	Indian/Mayotte
+Link	Africa/Tripoli	Libya
+Link	America/Adak	America/Atka
+Link	America/Adak	US/Aleutian
+Link	America/Anchorage	US/Alaska
+Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
+Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
+Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Atikokan	America/Coral_Harbour
+Link	America/Chicago	US/Central
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Aruba
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes
+Link	America/Denver	America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Denver	Navajo
+Link	America/Denver	US/Mountain
+Link	America/Detroit	US/Michigan
+Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
+Link	America/Halifax	Canada/Atlantic
+Link	America/Havana	Cuba
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Indianapolis
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	US/East-Indiana
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	US/Indiana-Starke
+Link	America/Jamaica	Jamaica
+Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
+Link	America/Los_Angeles	US/Pacific
+Link	America/Manaus	Brazil/West
+Link	America/Mazatlan	Mexico/BajaSur
+Link	America/Mexico_City	Mexico/General
+Link	America/New_York	US/Eastern
+Link	America/Noronha	Brazil/DeNoronha
+Link	America/Panama	America/Cayman
+Link	America/Phoenix	US/Arizona
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Anguilla
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Antigua
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Dominica
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Grenada
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Guadeloupe
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Marigot
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Montserrat
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Barthelemy
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Kitts
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Lucia
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Thomas
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/St_Vincent
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Tortola
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	America/Regina	Canada/Saskatchewan
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	Brazil/Acre
+Link	America/Santiago	Chile/Continental
+Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
+Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
+Link	America/Tijuana	America/Ensenada
+Link	America/Tijuana	America/Santa_Isabel
+Link	America/Tijuana	Mexico/BajaNorte
+Link	America/Toronto	America/Montreal
+Link	America/Toronto	Canada/Eastern
+Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
+Link	America/Whitehorse	Canada/Yukon
+Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
+Link	Asia/Ashgabat	Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link	Asia/Bangkok	Asia/Phnom_Penh
+Link	Asia/Bangkok	Asia/Vientiane
+Link	Asia/Dhaka	Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Dubai	Asia/Muscat
+Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Hong_Kong	Hongkong
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem	Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem	Israel
+Link	Asia/Kathmandu	Asia/Katmandu
+Link	Asia/Kolkata	Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Macau	Asia/Macao
+Link	Asia/Makassar	Asia/Ujung_Pandang
+Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
+Link	Asia/Qatar	Asia/Bahrain
+Link	Asia/Riyadh	Asia/Aden
+Link	Asia/Riyadh	Asia/Kuwait
+Link	Asia/Seoul	ROK
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Shanghai	PRC
+Link	Asia/Singapore	Singapore
+Link	Asia/Taipei	ROC
+Link	Asia/Tehran	Iran
+Link	Asia/Thimphu	Asia/Thimbu
+Link	Asia/Tokyo	Japan
+Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
+Link	Asia/Urumqi	Asia/Kashgar
+Link	Asia/Yangon	Asia/Rangoon
+Link	Atlantic/Faroe	Atlantic/Faeroe
+Link	Atlantic/Reykjavik	Iceland
+Link	Australia/Adelaide	Australia/South
+Link	Australia/Brisbane	Australia/Queensland
+Link	Australia/Broken_Hill	Australia/Yancowinna
+Link	Australia/Darwin	Australia/North
+Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Tasmania
+Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
+Link	Australia/Melbourne	Australia/Victoria
+Link	Australia/Perth	Australia/West
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/NSW
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Etc/Greenwich
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT	GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT	Greenwich
+Link	Etc/UCT	UCT
+Link	Etc/UTC	Etc/Universal
+Link	Etc/UTC	Etc/Zulu
+Link	Etc/UTC	UTC
+Link	Etc/UTC	Universal
+Link	Etc/UTC	Zulu
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Ljubljana
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Podgorica
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Sarajevo
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Skopje
+Link	Europe/Belgrade	Europe/Zagreb
+Link	Europe/Chisinau	Europe/Tiraspol
+Link	Europe/Dublin	Eire
+Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
+Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul
+Link	Europe/Istanbul	Turkey
+Link	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Belfast
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
+Link	Europe/London	GB
+Link	Europe/London	GB-Eire
+Link	Europe/Moscow	W-SU
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+Link	Europe/Prague	Europe/Bratislava
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
+Link	Europe/Warsaw	Poland
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Vaduz
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/McMurdo
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
+Link	Pacific/Chatham	NZ-CHAT
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk	Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk	Pacific/Yap
+Link	Pacific/Easter	Chile/EasterIsland
+Link	Pacific/Guam	Pacific/Saipan
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	US/Hawaii
+Link	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Midway
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	US/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pacific/Ponape
+
+TZ="Africa/Abidjan"
+-	-	-001608	LMT
+1912-01-01	00:16:08	+00	GMT
+
+TZ="Africa/Accra"
+-	-	-000052	LMT
+1918-01-01	00:00:52	+00	GMT
+1920-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1920-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1921-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1921-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1922-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1922-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1923-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1923-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1924-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1924-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1925-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1925-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1926-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1926-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1927-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1927-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1928-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1928-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1929-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1929-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1930-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1930-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1931-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1931-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1932-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1932-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1933-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1933-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1934-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1934-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1935-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1935-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1936-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1936-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1937-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1937-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1938-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1938-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1939-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1939-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1940-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1940-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1941-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1941-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+1942-09-01	00:20	+0020		1
+1942-12-30	23:40	+00	GMT
+
+TZ="Africa/Algiers"
+-	-	+001212	LMT
+1891-03-14	23:58:09	+000921	PMT
+1911-03-10	23:50:39	+00	WET
+1916-06-15	00	+01	WEST	1
+1916-10-01	23	+00	WET
+1917-03-25	00	+01	WEST	1
+1917-10-07	23	+00	WET
+1918-03-10	00	+01	WEST	1
+1918-10-06	23	+00	WET
+1919-03-02	00	+01	WEST	1
+1919-10-05	23	+00	WET
+1920-02-15	00	+01	WEST	1
+1920-10-23	23	+00	WET
+1921-03-15	00	+01	WEST	1
+1921-06-21	23	+00	WET
+1939-09-12	00	+01	WEST	1
+1939-11-19	00	+00	WET
+1940-02-25	03	+01	CET
+1944-04-03	03	+02	CEST	1
+1944-10-08	01	+01	CET
+1945-04-02	03	+02	CEST	1
+1945-09-16	00	+01	CET
+1946-10-06	23	+00	WET
+1956-01-29	01	+01	CET
+1963-04-13	23	+00	WET
+1971-04-26	00	+01	WEST	1
+1971-09-26	23	+00	WET
+1977-05-06	01	+01	WEST	1
+1977-10-21	00	+01	CET
+1978-03-24	02	+02	CEST	1
+1978-09-22	02	+01	CET
+1979-10-25	23	+00	WET
+1980-04-25	01	+01	WEST	1
+1980-10-31	01	+00	WET
+1981-05-01	01	+01	CET
+
+TZ="Africa/Bissau"
+-	-	-010220	LMT
+1912-01-01	00	-01
+1975-01-01	01	+00	GMT
+
+TZ="Africa/Cairo"
+-	-	+020509	LMT
+1900-09-30	23:54:51	+02	EET
+1940-07-15	01	+03	EEST	1
+1940-09-30	23	+02	EET
+1941-04-15	01	+03	EEST	1
+1941-09-15	23	+02	EET
+1942-04-01	01	+03	EEST	1
+1942-10-26	23	+02	EET
+1943-04-01	01	+03	EEST	1
+1943-10-31	23	+02	EET
+1944-04-01	01	+03	EEST	1
+1944-10-31	23	+02	EET
+1945-04-16	01	+03	EEST	1
+1945-10-31	23	+02	EET
+1957-05-10	01	+03	EEST	1
+1957-09-30	23	+02	EET
+1958-05-01	01	+03	EEST	1
+1958-09-30	23	+02	EET
+1959-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1959-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1960-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1960-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1961-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1961-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1962-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1962-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1963-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1963-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1964-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1964-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1965-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1965-09-30	02	+02	EET
+1966-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1966-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1967-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1967-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1968-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1968-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1969-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1969-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1970-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1970-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1971-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1971-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1972-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1972-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1973-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1973-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1974-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1974-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1975-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1975-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1976-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1976-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1977-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1977-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1978-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1978-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1979-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1979-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1980-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1980-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1981-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1981-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1982-07-25	02	+03	EEST	1
+1982-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1983-07-12	02	+03	EEST	1
+1983-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1984-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1984-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1985-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1985-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1986-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1986-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1987-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1987-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1988-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1988-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1989-05-06	02	+03	EEST	1
+1989-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1990-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1990-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1991-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
+1991-10-01	02	+02	EET
+1992-05-01	02	+03	EEST	1
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+
+TZ="Africa/Tunis"
+-	-	+004044	LMT
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+
+TZ="Africa/Windhoek"
+-	-	+010824	LMT
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+TZ="America/Adak"
+-	-	+121322	LMT
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+TZ="America/Anchorage"
+-	-	+140024	LMT
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+TZ="America/Araguaina"
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Casey"
+-	-	-00
+1969-01-01	08	+08
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Davis"
+-	-	-00
+1957-01-13	07	+07
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/DumontDUrville"
+-	-	-00
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Macquarie"
+-	-	-00
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+TZ="Antarctica/Mawson"
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+TZ="Antarctica/Palmer"
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+
+TZ="Antarctica/Syowa"
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+TZ="Antarctica/Vostok"
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+TZ="Asia/Almaty"
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+TZ="Asia/Amman"
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+
+TZ="Pacific/Auckland"
+-	-	+113904	LMT
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+1986-09-28	01	+12		1
+1987-03-28	23	+11
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+1988-03-26	23	+11
+1988-09-25	01	+12		1
+1989-03-25	23	+11
+1989-09-24	01	+12		1
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+1990-09-23	01	+12		1
+1991-03-23	23	+11
+1991-09-29	01	+12		1
+1992-01-25	23	+11
+1992-10-25	01	+12		1
+1993-01-23	23	+11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Enderbury"
+-	-	-112420	LMT
+1900-12-31	23:24:20	-12
+1979-10-01	01	-11
+1995-01-01	00	+13
+
+TZ="Pacific/Fakaofo"
+-	-	-112456	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:24:56	-11
+2011-12-31	00	+13
+
+TZ="Pacific/Fiji"
+-	-	+115544	LMT
+1915-10-26	00:04:16	+12
+1998-11-01	03	+13		1
+1999-02-28	02	+12
+1999-11-07	03	+13		1
+2000-02-27	02	+12
+2009-11-29	03	+13		1
+2010-03-28	02	+12
+2010-10-24	03	+13		1
+2011-03-06	02	+12
+2011-10-23	03	+13		1
+2012-01-22	02	+12
+2012-10-21	03	+13		1
+2013-01-20	02	+12
+2013-10-27	03	+13		1
+2014-01-19	01	+12
+2014-11-02	03	+13		1
+2015-01-18	02	+12
+2015-11-01	03	+13		1
+2016-01-17	02	+12
+2016-11-06	03	+13		1
+2017-01-15	02	+12
+2017-11-05	03	+13		1
+2018-01-14	02	+12
+2018-11-04	03	+13		1
+2019-01-13	02	+12
+2019-11-03	03	+13		1
+2020-01-19	02	+12
+2020-11-01	03	+13		1
+2021-01-17	02	+12
+2021-11-07	03	+13		1
+2022-01-16	02	+12
+2022-11-06	03	+13		1
+2023-01-15	02	+12
+2023-11-05	03	+13		1
+2024-01-14	02	+12
+2024-11-03	03	+13		1
+2025-01-19	02	+12
+2025-11-02	03	+13		1
+2026-01-18	02	+12
+2026-11-01	03	+13		1
+2027-01-17	02	+12
+2027-11-07	03	+13		1
+2028-01-16	02	+12
+2028-11-05	03	+13		1
+2029-01-14	02	+12
+2029-11-04	03	+13		1
+2030-01-13	02	+12
+2030-11-03	03	+13		1
+2031-01-19	02	+12
+2031-11-02	03	+13		1
+2032-01-18	02	+12
+2032-11-07	03	+13		1
+2033-01-16	02	+12
+2033-11-06	03	+13		1
+2034-01-15	02	+12
+2034-11-05	03	+13		1
+2035-01-14	02	+12
+2035-11-04	03	+13		1
+2036-01-13	02	+12
+2036-11-02	03	+13		1
+2037-01-18	02	+12
+2037-11-01	03	+13		1
+2038-01-17	02	+12
+2038-11-07	03	+13		1
+2039-01-16	02	+12
+2039-11-06	03	+13		1
+2040-01-15	02	+12
+2040-11-04	03	+13		1
+2041-01-13	02	+12
+2041-11-03	03	+13		1
+2042-01-19	02	+12
+2042-11-02	03	+13		1
+2043-01-18	02	+12
+2043-11-01	03	+13		1
+2044-01-17	02	+12
+2044-11-06	03	+13		1
+2045-01-15	02	+12
+2045-11-05	03	+13		1
+2046-01-14	02	+12
+2046-11-04	03	+13		1
+2047-01-13	02	+12
+2047-11-03	03	+13		1
+2048-01-19	02	+12
+2048-11-01	03	+13		1
+2049-01-17	02	+12
+2049-11-07	03	+13		1
+
+TZ="Pacific/Funafuti"
+-	-	+115652	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:03:08	+12
+
+TZ="Pacific/Galapagos"
+-	-	-055824	LMT
+1931-01-01	00:58:24	-05
+1985-12-31	23	-06
+1992-11-28	01	-05		1
+1993-02-04	23	-06
+
+TZ="Pacific/Gambier"
+-	-	-085948	LMT
+1912-09-30	23:59:48	-09
+
+TZ="Pacific/Guadalcanal"
+-	-	+103948	LMT
+1912-10-01	00:20:12	+11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Guam"
+-	-	-1421	LMT
+1845-01-01	00	+0939	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:21	+10	GST
+1941-12-09	23	+09
+1944-07-31	01	+10	GST
+1959-06-27	03	+11	GDT	1
+1961-01-29	01	+10	GST
+1967-09-01	03	+11	GDT	1
+1969-01-25	23:01	+10	GST
+1969-06-22	03	+11	GDT	1
+1969-08-31	01	+10	GST
+1970-04-26	03	+11	GDT	1
+1970-09-06	01	+10	GST
+1971-04-25	03	+11	GDT	1
+1971-09-05	01	+10	GST
+1973-12-16	03	+11	GDT	1
+1974-02-24	01	+10	GST
+1976-05-26	03	+11	GDT	1
+1976-08-22	01:01	+10	GST
+1977-04-24	03	+11	GDT	1
+1977-08-28	01	+10	GST
+2000-12-23	00	+10	ChST
+
+TZ="Pacific/Honolulu"
+-	-	-103126	LMT
+1896-01-13	12:01:26	-1030	HST
+1933-04-30	03	-0930	HDT	1
+1933-05-21	11	-1030	HST
+1942-02-09	03	-0930	HWT	1
+1945-08-14	13:30	-0930	HPT	1
+1945-09-30	01	-1030	HST
+1947-06-08	02:30	-10	HST
+
+TZ="Pacific/Kiritimati"
+-	-	-102920	LMT
+1900-12-31	23:49:20	-1040
+1979-10-01	00:40	-10
+1995-01-01	00	+14
+
+TZ="Pacific/Kosrae"
+-	-	-130804	LMT
+1845-01-01	00	+105156	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:08:04	+11
+1914-09-30	22	+09
+1919-02-01	02	+11
+1936-12-31	23	+10
+1941-03-31	23	+09
+1945-08-01	02	+11
+1969-10-01	01	+12
+1998-12-31	23	+11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Kwajalein"
+-	-	+110920	LMT
+1900-12-31	23:50:40	+11
+1936-12-31	23	+10
+1941-03-31	23	+09
+1944-02-06	02	+11
+1969-09-30	01	-12
+1993-08-22	00	+12
+
+TZ="Pacific/Majuro"
+-	-	+112448	LMT
+1900-12-31	23:35:12	+11
+1914-09-30	22	+09
+1919-02-01	02	+11
+1936-12-31	23	+10
+1941-03-31	23	+09
+1944-01-30	02	+11
+1969-10-01	01	+12
+
+TZ="Pacific/Marquesas"
+-	-	-0918	LMT
+1912-09-30	23:48	-0930
+
+TZ="Pacific/Nauru"
+-	-	+110740	LMT
+1921-01-15	00:22:20	+1130
+1942-08-28	21:30	+09
+1945-09-08	02:30	+1130
+1979-02-10	02:30	+12
+
+TZ="Pacific/Niue"
+-	-	-111940	LMT
+1900-12-31	23:59:40	-1120
+1950-12-31	23:50	-1130
+1978-10-01	00:30	-11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Norfolk"
+-	-	+111152	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:00:08	+1112
+1951-01-01	00:18	+1130
+1974-10-27	03	+1230		1
+1975-03-02	01	+1130
+2015-10-04	01:30	+11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Noumea"
+-	-	+110548	LMT
+1912-01-12	23:54:12	+11
+1977-12-04	01	+12		1
+1978-02-26	23	+11
+1978-12-03	01	+12		1
+1979-02-26	23	+11
+1996-12-01	03	+12		1
+1997-03-02	02	+11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Pago_Pago"
+-	-	+123712	LMT
+1892-07-04	00	-112248	LMT
+1911-01-01	00:22:48	-11	SST
+
+TZ="Pacific/Palau"
+-	-	-150204	LMT
+1845-01-01	00	+085756	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:02:04	+09
+
+TZ="Pacific/Pitcairn"
+-	-	-084020	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:10:20	-0830
+1998-04-27	00:30	-08
+
+TZ="Pacific/Pohnpei"
+-	-	-132708	LMT
+1845-01-01	00	+103252	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:27:08	+11
+1914-09-30	22	+09
+1919-02-01	02	+11
+1936-12-31	23	+10
+1941-03-31	23	+09
+1945-08-01	02	+11
+
+TZ="Pacific/Port_Moresby"
+-	-	+094840	LMT
+1879-12-31	23:59:52	+094832	PMMT
+1895-01-01	00:11:28	+10
+
+TZ="Pacific/Rarotonga"
+-	-	-103904	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:09:04	-1030
+1978-11-12	01	-0930		1
+1979-03-03	23:30	-10
+1979-10-28	00:30	-0930		1
+1980-03-01	23:30	-10
+1980-10-26	00:30	-0930		1
+1981-02-28	23:30	-10
+1981-10-25	00:30	-0930		1
+1982-03-06	23:30	-10
+1982-10-31	00:30	-0930		1
+1983-03-05	23:30	-10
+1983-10-30	00:30	-0930		1
+1984-03-03	23:30	-10
+1984-10-28	00:30	-0930		1
+1985-03-02	23:30	-10
+1985-10-27	00:30	-0930		1
+1986-03-01	23:30	-10
+1986-10-26	00:30	-0930		1
+1987-02-28	23:30	-10
+1987-10-25	00:30	-0930		1
+1988-03-05	23:30	-10
+1988-10-30	00:30	-0930		1
+1989-03-04	23:30	-10
+1989-10-29	00:30	-0930		1
+1990-03-03	23:30	-10
+1990-10-28	00:30	-0930		1
+1991-03-02	23:30	-10
+
+TZ="Pacific/Tahiti"
+-	-	-095816	LMT
+1912-09-30	23:58:16	-10
+
+TZ="Pacific/Tarawa"
+-	-	+113204	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:27:56	+12
+
+TZ="Pacific/Tongatapu"
+-	-	+121920	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:00:40	+1220
+1941-01-01	00:40	+13
+1999-10-07	03	+14		1
+2000-03-19	02	+13
+2000-11-05	03	+14		1
+2001-01-28	01	+13
+2001-11-04	03	+14		1
+2002-01-27	01	+13
+2016-11-06	03	+14		1
+2017-01-15	02	+13
+
+TZ="Pacific/Wake"
+-	-	+110628	LMT
+1901-01-01	00:53:32	+12
+
+TZ="Pacific/Wallis"
+-	-	+121520	LMT
+1900-12-31	23:44:40	+12
+
+TZ="WET"
+-	-	+00	WET
+1977-04-03	02	+01	WEST	1
+1977-09-25	01	+00	WET
+1978-04-02	02	+01	WEST	1
+1978-10-01	01	+00	WET
+1979-04-01	02	+01	WEST	1
+1979-09-30	01	+00	WET
+1980-04-06	02	+01	WEST	1
+1980-09-28	01	+00	WET
+1981-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+1981-09-27	01	+00	WET
+1982-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+1982-09-26	01	+00	WET
+1983-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+1983-09-25	01	+00	WET
+1984-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+1984-09-30	01	+00	WET
+1985-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+1985-09-29	01	+00	WET
+1986-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+1986-09-28	01	+00	WET
+1987-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+1987-09-27	01	+00	WET
+1988-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+1988-09-25	01	+00	WET
+1989-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+1989-09-24	01	+00	WET
+1990-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+1990-09-30	01	+00	WET
+1991-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+1991-09-29	01	+00	WET
+1992-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+1992-09-27	01	+00	WET
+1993-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+1993-09-26	01	+00	WET
+1994-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+1994-09-25	01	+00	WET
+1995-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+1995-09-24	01	+00	WET
+1996-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+1996-10-27	01	+00	WET
+1997-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+1997-10-26	01	+00	WET
+1998-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+1998-10-25	01	+00	WET
+1999-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+1999-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2000-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2000-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2001-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2001-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2002-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2002-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2003-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2003-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2004-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2004-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2005-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2005-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2006-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2006-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2007-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2007-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2008-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2008-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2009-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2009-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2010-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2010-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2011-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2011-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2012-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2012-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2013-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2013-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2014-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2014-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2015-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2015-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2016-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2016-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2017-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2017-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2018-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2018-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2019-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2019-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2020-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2020-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2021-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2021-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2022-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2022-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2023-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2023-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2024-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2024-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2025-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2025-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2026-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2026-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2027-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2027-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2028-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2028-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2029-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2029-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2030-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2030-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2031-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2031-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2032-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
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+2033-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2033-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2034-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2034-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2035-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2035-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2036-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2036-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2037-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2037-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2038-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2038-10-31	01	+00	WET
+2039-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2039-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2040-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2040-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2041-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2041-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2042-03-30	02	+01	WEST	1
+2042-10-26	01	+00	WET
+2043-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2043-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2044-03-27	02	+01	WEST	1
+2044-10-30	01	+00	WET
+2045-03-26	02	+01	WEST	1
+2045-10-29	01	+00	WET
+2046-03-25	02	+01	WEST	1
+2046-10-28	01	+00	WET
+2047-03-31	02	+01	WEST	1
+2047-10-27	01	+00	WET
+2048-03-29	02	+01	WEST	1
+2048-10-25	01	+00	WET
+2049-03-28	02	+01	WEST	1
+2049-10-31	01	+00	WET
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab b/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab
index c1cd95e89e..27e1dee61e 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zone.tab
@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
-# 
+# tzdb timezone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# TZ zone descriptions
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-08-05):
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
 #
-# This file contains a table with the following columns:
-# 1.  ISO 3166 2-character country code.  See the file `iso3166.tab'.
-# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
-#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
-#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
-#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
-# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
-# 4.  Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows.
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a timezone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
 #
-# Columns are separated by a single tab.
-# The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that
-# (1) makes some geographical sense, and
-# (2) puts the most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
-#
-# Lines beginning with `#' are comments.
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
 #code	coordinates	TZ			comments
@@ -32,23 +30,22 @@ AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
 AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
 AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
-AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo Station, Ross Island
-AQ	-9000+00000	Antarctica/South_Pole	Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole
-AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
-AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
-AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
-AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
-AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
-AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
-AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Terre Adelie
-AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
-AQ	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island Station, Macquarie Island
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	New Zealand time - McMurdo, South Pole
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
-AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
-AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
 AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
 AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
-AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT); Chubut (CH)
 AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
 AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
 AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
@@ -58,17 +55,18 @@ AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
 AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
-AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
-AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
-AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales - most locations
-AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Yancowinna
-AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland - most locations
-AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland - Holiday Islands
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
 AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
 AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
-AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia - most locations
-AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia - Eucla area
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
 AW	+1230-06958	America/Aruba
 AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
 AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
@@ -87,100 +85,99 @@ BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
 BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
 BQ	+120903-0681636	America/Kralendijk
 BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
-BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Amapa, E Para
-BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Para (east); Amapa
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
 BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
 BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
 BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
 BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
-BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
 BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
 BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
-BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	W Para
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Para (west)
 BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondonia
 BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
-BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	E Amazonas
-BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	W Amazonas
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
 BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
 BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
 BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
 BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
 BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
 BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
-CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Time, including SE Labrador
-CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (most places), PEI
-CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia - places that did not observe DST 1966-1971
-CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
-CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
-CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
-CA	+4531-07334	America/Montreal	Eastern Time - Quebec - most locations
-CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario - most locations
-CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
-CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
-CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
-CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
-CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Standard Time - Resolute, Nunavut
-CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
-CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
-CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
-CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central Time - Rainy River & Fort Frances, Ontario
-CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - most locations
-CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - midwest
-CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Alberta, east British Columbia & west Saskatchewan
-CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain Time - west Nunavut
-CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
-CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
-CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
-CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
-CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
-CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
-CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific Time - north Yukon
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland; Labrador (southeast)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (south)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (north)
 CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
-CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	west Dem. Rep. of Congo
-CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	east Dem. Rep. of Congo
+CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	Dem. Rep. of Congo (west)
+CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	Dem. Rep. of Congo (east)
 CF	+0422+01835	Africa/Bangui
 CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
 CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
 CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
-CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
-CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
-CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	east China - Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, etc.
-CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang (except Mohe), Jilin
-CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China - Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, etc.
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	most of Tibet & Xinjiang
-CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	west Tibet & Xinjiang
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
 CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
 CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
-CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	Cyprus (most areas)
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
 CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
-DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most locations
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
 DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
 DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
 DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
 DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
 DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
 DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
-EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	mainland
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
 EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galapagos Islands
 EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
 EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
 EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
 ER	+1520+03853	Africa/Asmara
-ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	mainland
-ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta & Melilla
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
 ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
 ET	+0902+03842	Africa/Addis_Ababa
 FI	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
 FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
 FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
-FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk (Truk) and Yap
-FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei (Ponape)
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
 FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
 FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
 FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
@@ -189,13 +186,13 @@ GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
 GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
 GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
-GG	+4927-00232	Europe/Guernsey
+GG	+492717-0023210	Europe/Guernsey
 GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
-GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
-GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	east coast, north of Scoresbysund
-GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
-GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
 GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
 GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
 GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
@@ -211,12 +208,12 @@ HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
 HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
 HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
 HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
-ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
-ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
-ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
-ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south); Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra; Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya); Malukus/Moluccas
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
-IL	+3146+03514	Asia/Jerusalem
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
 IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
@@ -224,8 +221,8 @@ IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
 IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
 IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
-JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
-JM	+1800-07648	America/Jamaica
+JE	+491101-0020624	Europe/Jersey
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
@@ -240,10 +237,12 @@ KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
 KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
 KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
-KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most locations
-KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda (Kyzylorda, Kzyl-Orda)
-KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe (Aktobe)
-KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau (Atirau, Gur'yev), Mangghystau (Mankistau)
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystau/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev
 KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
 LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
 LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
@@ -262,15 +261,15 @@ MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
 ME	+4226+01916	Europe/Podgorica
 MF	+1804-06305	America/Marigot
 MG	-1855+04731	Indian/Antananarivo
-MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most locations
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
 MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
 MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
 ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako
-MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
-MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
 MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
 MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
-MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
 MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
 MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
@@ -279,20 +278,19 @@ MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
 MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
 MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
 MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
-MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
-MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Central Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
 MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
-MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Mexican Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas away from US border
-MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	US Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas near US border
-MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - S Baja, Nayarit, Sinaloa
-MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mexican Mountain Time - Chihuahua away from US border
-MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	US Mountain Time - Chihuahua near US border
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
 MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
-MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	US Pacific Time - Baja California near US border
-MX	+3018-11452	America/Santa_Isabel	Mexican Pacific Time - Baja California away from US border
-MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Mexican Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
-MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
-MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah & Sarawak
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
 MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
 NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
 NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
@@ -305,7 +303,7 @@ NO	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
 NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
 NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
-NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most locations
+NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand (most areas)
 NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
 OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
 PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
@@ -313,7 +311,8 @@ PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
 PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
 PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
 PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
-PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
 PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
 PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
 PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
 PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
 PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
 PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
-PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	mainland
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
 PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
 PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
 PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
@@ -331,24 +330,33 @@ QA	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
 RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
 RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
 RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
-RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
-RU	+5545+03735	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
-RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
-RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 - Samara, Udmurtia
-RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
-RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
-RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
-RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 - Novokuznetsk
-RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
-RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
-RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
-RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
-RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
-RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
-RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
-RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
-RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 - Kamchatka
-RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 - Bering Sea
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
 SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
 SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
@@ -365,7 +373,7 @@ SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
 SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
 SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
 SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
-SS	+0451+03136	Africa/Juba
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
 ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
 SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
 SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
@@ -387,47 +395,44 @@ TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
 TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
-UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
 UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
-UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
-UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	central Crimea
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye/Zaporizhia; Lugansk/Luhansk (east)
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
-UM	+1645-16931	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
 UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
-US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern Time
-US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations
-US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area
-US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County
-US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern Time - Indiana - most locations
-US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern Time - Indiana - Daviess, Dubois, Knox & Martin Counties
-US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pulaski County
-US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern Time - Indiana - Crawford County
-US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pike County
-US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
-US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
-US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central Time - Indiana - Perry County
-US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central Time - Indiana - Starke County
-US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron & Menominee Counties
-US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
-US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central Time - North Dakota - Morton County (except Mandan area)
-US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
-US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
-US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
-US	+364708-1084111	America/Shiprock	Mountain Time - Navajo
-US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona
-US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
-US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
-US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
-US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
-US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
-US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
-US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Metlakatla Time - Annette Island
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
-UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
-UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
-UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	east Uzbekistan
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
 VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican
 VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
 VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab b/extra/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a8e4244fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a timezone where
+# civil timestamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the timezone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.  See the file 'iso3166.tab'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the timezone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either ±DDMM±DDDMM or ±DDMMSS±DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Timezone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the theory.html file for how these names are chosen.
+#     If multiple timezones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if a country has multiple timezones.
+#
+# If a timezone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous timezones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT); Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Pará (east); Amapá
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Pará (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland; Labrador (southeast)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (south)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (north)
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
+CI,BF,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW,AW,BQ,SX	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	Cyprus (most areas)
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south); Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra; Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya); Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtöbe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystaū/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyraū/Atirau/Gur'yev
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO,SJ	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE,TF	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion	Réunion, Crozet, Scattered Islands
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+SA,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen	Kerguelen, St Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
+TH,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	Indochina (most areas)
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT,AG,AI,BL,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,VC,VG,VI	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye/Zaporizhia; Lugansk/Luhansk (east)
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
+US,UM	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Vietnam (south)
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-tests.factor b/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-tests.factor
index 56d60772ed..f4a6b95209 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-tests.factor
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-tests.factor
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ USING: kernel sequences tools.test zoneinfo ;
 
 { t } [ "PST8PDT" find-zone-rules and >boolean ] unit-test
 
-{ 13 } [ zoneinfo-paths length ] unit-test
-
 {
     T{ raw-zone
        { name "EST" }
diff --git a/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor b/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor
index e702736c7c..969ebe5fa9 100644
--- a/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor
+++ b/extra/zoneinfo/zoneinfo.factor
@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@ CONSTANT: zoneinfo-paths
     "vocab:zoneinfo/europe"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/northamerica"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/pacificnew"
-    "vocab:zoneinfo/solar87"
-    "vocab:zoneinfo/solar88"
-    "vocab:zoneinfo/solar89"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/southamerica"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/systemv"
     "vocab:zoneinfo/leapseconds"