226 lines
15 KiB
Factor
226 lines
15 KiB
Factor
USING: alien alien.c-types help.syntax help.markup libc
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kernel.private byte-arrays math strings hashtables alien.syntax
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alien.strings sequences io.encodings.string debugger destructors
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vocabs.loader classes.struct quotations kernel ;
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IN: alien.data
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HELP: >c-array
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{ $values { "seq" sequence } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "array" byte-array } }
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{ $description "Outputs a freshly allocated byte-array whose elements are C type values from the given sequence." }
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{ $notes "The appropriate specialized array vocabulary must be loaded; otherwise, an error will be thrown. See the " { $vocab-link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary for details on the underlying sequence type constructed." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if the type does not exist, the necessary specialized array vocabulary is not loaded, or the requested size is negative." } ;
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HELP: <c-array>
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{ $values { "len" "a non-negative integer" } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "array" byte-array } }
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{ $description "Creates a byte array large enough to hold " { $snippet "n" } " values of a C type." }
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{ $notes "The appropriate specialized array vocabulary must be loaded; otherwise, an error will be thrown. See the " { $vocab-link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary for details on the underlying sequence type constructed." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if the type does not exist, the necessary specialized array vocabulary is not loaded, or the requested size is negative." } ;
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HELP: c-array{
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{ $description "Literal syntax, consists of a C-type followed by a series of values terminated by " { $snippet "}" } }
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{ $notes "The appropriate specialized array vocabulary must be loaded; otherwise, an error will be thrown. See the " { $vocab-link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary for details on the underlying sequence type constructed." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if the type does not exist, the necessary specialized array vocabulary is not loaded, or the requested size is negative." } ;
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HELP: memory>byte-array
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{ $values { "alien" c-ptr } { "len" "a non-negative integer" } { "byte-array" byte-array } }
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{ $description "Reads " { $snippet "len" } " bytes starting from " { $snippet "base" } " and stores them in a new byte array." } ;
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HELP: cast-array
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{ $values { "byte-array" byte-array } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "array" "a specialized array" } }
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{ $description "Converts a byte array into a specialized array by interpreting the bytes in as machine-specific values. Code which uses this word is unportable" }
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{ $notes "The appropriate specialized array vocabulary must be loaded; otherwise, an error will be thrown. See the " { $vocab-link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary for details on the underlying sequence type constructed." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if the type does not exist, the necessary specialized array vocabulary is not loaded, or the requested size is negative." } ;
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HELP: malloc-array
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{ $values { "n" "a non-negative integer" } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "array" "a specialized array" } }
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{ $description "Allocates an unmanaged memory block large enough to hold " { $snippet "n" } " values of a C type, then wraps the memory in a sequence object using " { $link <c-direct-array> } "." }
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{ $notes "The appropriate specialized array vocabulary must be loaded; otherwise, an error will be thrown. See the " { $vocab-link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary for details on the underlying sequence type constructed." }
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{ $warning "Don't forget to deallocate the memory with a call to " { $link free } "." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if the type does not exist, if the requested size is negative, if a direct specialized array class appropriate to the type is not loaded, or if memory allocation fails." } ;
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HELP: malloc-byte-array
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{ $values { "byte-array" byte-array } { "alien" alien } }
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{ $description "Allocates an unmanaged memory block of the same size as the byte array, and copies the contents of the byte array there." }
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{ $warning "Don't forget to deallocate the memory with a call to " { $link free } "." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if memory allocation fails." } ;
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{ <c-array> <c-direct-array> malloc-array } related-words
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{ string>alien alien>string malloc-string } related-words
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HELP: with-scoped-allocation
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{ $values { "c-types" "a list of scoped allocation specifiers" } { "quot" quotation } }
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{ $description "Allocates values on the call stack, calls the quotation, then deallocates the values as soon as the quotation returns."
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$nl
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"A scoped allocation specifier is either:"
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{ $list
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"a C type name,"
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{ "or a triple with shape " { $snippet "{ c-type initial: initial }" } ", where " { $snippet "c-type" } " is a C type name and " { $snippet "initial" } " is a literal value." }
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}
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"If no initial value is specified, the contents of the allocated memory are undefined." }
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{ $warning "Reading or writing a scoped allocation buffer outside of the given quotation will cause memory corruption." }
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{ $examples
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{ $example
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"USING: accessors alien.c-types alien.data
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classes.struct kernel math math.functions
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prettyprint ;
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IN: scratchpad
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STRUCT: test-point { x int } { y int } ;
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: scoped-allocation-test ( -- x )
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{ test-point } [
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3 >>x 4 >>y
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[ x>> sq ] [ y>> sq ] bi + sqrt
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] with-scoped-allocation ;
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scoped-allocation-test ."
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"5.0"
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}
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} ;
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HELP: with-out-parameters
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{ $values { "c-types" "a list of scoped allocation specifiers" } { "quot" quotation } { "values..." "zero or more values" } }
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{ $description "Allocates values on the call stack, calls the quotation, then copies all stack allocated values to the data heap after the quotation returns."
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$nl
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"A scoped allocation specifier is either:"
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{ $list
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"a C type name,"
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{ "or a triple with shape " { $snippet "{ c-type initial: initial }" } ", where " { $snippet "c-type" } " is a C type name and " { $snippet "initial" } " is a literal value." }
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}
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"If no initial value is specified, the contents of the allocated memory are undefined." }
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{ $warning "Reading or writing a scoped allocation buffer outside of the given quotation will cause memory corruption." } ;
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ARTICLE: "malloc" "Manual memory management"
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"Sometimes data passed to C functions must be allocated at a fixed address. See " { $link "byte-arrays-gc" } " for an explanation of when this is the case."
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$nl
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"Allocating a C datum with a fixed address:"
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{ $subsections
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malloc-byte-array
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}
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"The " { $vocab-link "libc" } " vocabulary defines several words which directly call C standard library memory management functions:"
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{ $subsections
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malloc
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calloc
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realloc
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}
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"You must always free pointers returned by any of the above words when the block of memory is no longer in use:"
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{ $subsections free }
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"The above words record memory allocations, to help catch double frees and track down memory leaks with " { $link "tools.destructors" } ". To free memory allocated by a C library, another word can be used:"
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{ $subsections (free) }
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"Utilities for automatically freeing memory in conjunction with " { $link with-destructors } ":"
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{ $subsections
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&free
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|free
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}
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"The " { $link &free } " and " { $link |free } " words are generated using " { $link "alien.destructors" } "."
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$nl
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"You can unsafely copy a range of bytes from one memory location to another:"
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{ $subsections memcpy }
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"You can copy a range of bytes from memory into a byte array:"
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{ $subsections memory>byte-array } ;
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ARTICLE: "c-pointers" "Passing pointers to C functions"
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"The following Factor objects may be passed to C function parameters with pointer types:"
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{ $list
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{ "Instances of " { $link alien } "." }
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{ "Instances of " { $link f } "; this is interpreted as a null pointer." }
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{ "Instances of " { $link byte-array } "; the C function receives a pointer to the first element of the array." }
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{ "Any data type which defines a method on " { $link >c-ptr } ". This includes " { $link "classes.struct" } " and " { $link "specialized-arrays" } "." }
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}
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"The class of primitive C pointer types:"
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{ $subsections c-ptr }
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"A generic word for converting any object to a C pointer; user-defined types may add methods to this generic word:"
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{ $subsections >c-ptr }
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"More about the " { $link alien } " type:"
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{ $subsections "aliens" }
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{ $warning
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"The Factor garbage collector can move byte arrays around, and code passing byte arrays, or objects backed by byte arrays, must obey important guidelines. See " { $link "byte-arrays-gc" } "." } ;
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ARTICLE: "c-boxes" "C value boxes"
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"Sometimes it is useful to create a byte array storing a single C value, like a struct with a single field. A pair of utility macros exist to make this more convenient:"
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{ $subsections <ref> deref } ;
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ARTICLE: "c-data" "Passing data between Factor and C"
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"Two defining characteristics of Factor are dynamic typing and automatic memory management, which are somewhat incompatible with the machine-level data model exposed by C. Factor's C library interface defines its own set of C data types, distinct from Factor language types, together with automatic conversion between Factor values and C types. For example, C integer types must be declared and are fixed-width, whereas Factor supports arbitrary-precision integers."
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$nl
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"Furthermore, Factor's garbage collector can move objects in memory; for a discussion of the consequences, see " { $link "byte-arrays-gc" } "."
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{ $subsections
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"c-types-specs"
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"c-pointers"
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"malloc"
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"c-strings"
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"c-out-params"
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"c-boxes"
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}
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"Important guidelines for passing data in byte arrays:"
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{ $subsections "byte-arrays-gc" }
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"C-style enumerated types are supported:"
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{ $subsections "alien.enums" }
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"A utility for defining " { $link "destructors" } " for deallocating memory:"
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{ $subsections "alien.destructors" }
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"C struct and union types can be defined with " { $link POSTPONE: STRUCT: } " and " { $link POSTPONE: UNION-STRUCT: } ". See " { $link "classes.struct" } " for details. For passing arrays to and from C, use the " { $link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary." ;
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HELP: malloc-string
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{ $values { "string" string } { "encoding" "an encoding descriptor" } { "alien" c-ptr } }
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{ $description "Encodes a string together with a trailing null code point using the given encoding, and stores the resulting bytes in a freshly-allocated unmanaged memory block." }
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{ $warning "Don't forget to deallocate the memory with a call to " { $link free } "." }
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{ $errors "Throws an error if one of the following conditions occurs:"
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{ $list
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"the string contains null code points"
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"the string contains characters not representable using the encoding specified"
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"memory allocation fails"
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}
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} ;
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HELP: <c-direct-array>
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{ $values { "alien" c-ptr } { "len" integer } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "array" "a specialized direct array" } }
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{ $description "Constructs a new specialized array of length " { $snippet "len" } " and element type " { $snippet "c-type" } " over the range of memory referenced by " { $snippet "alien" } "." }
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{ $notes "The appropriate specialized array vocabulary must be loaded; otherwise, an error will be thrown. See the " { $vocab-link "specialized-arrays" } " vocabulary for details on the underlying sequence type constructed." } ;
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ARTICLE: "c-strings" "C strings"
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"C string types are arrays with shape " { $snippet "{ c-string encoding }" } ", where " { $snippet "encoding" } " is an encoding descriptor. The type " { $link c-string } " is an alias for " { $snippet "{ c-string utf8 }" } ". See " { $link "encodings-descriptors" } " for information about encoding descriptors. In " { $link POSTPONE: TYPEDEF: } ", " { $link POSTPONE: FUNCTION: } ", " { $link POSTPONE: CALLBACK: } ", and " { $link POSTPONE: STRUCT: } " definitions, the shorthand syntax " { $snippet "c-string[encoding]" } " can be used to specify the string encoding."
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$nl
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"Using C string types triggers automatic conversions:"
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{ $list
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{
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"Passing a Factor string to a C function expecting a " { $link c-string } " allocates a " { $link byte-array } " in the Factor heap; the string is then encoded to the requested encoding and a raw pointer is passed to the function."
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"Passing an already encoded " { $link byte-array } " also works and performs no conversion."
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}
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{ "Returning a C string from a C function allocates a Factor string in the Factor heap; the memory pointed to by the returned pointer is then decoded with the requested encoding into the Factor string." }
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{ "Reading " { $link c-string } " slots of " { $link POSTPONE: STRUCT: } " or " { $link POSTPONE: UNION-STRUCT: } " returns Factor strings." }
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}
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$nl
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"Care must be taken if the C function expects a pointer to a string with its length represented by another parameter rather than a null terminator. Passing the result of calling " { $link length } " on the string object will not suffice. This is because a Factor string of " { $emphasis "n" } " characters will not necessarily encode to " { $emphasis "n" } " bytes. The correct idiom for C functions which take a string with a length is to first encode the string using " { $link encode } ", and then pass the resulting byte array together with the length of this byte array."
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$nl
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"Sometimes a C function has a parameter type of " { $link void* } ", and various data types, among them strings, can be passed in. In this case, strings are not automatically converted to aliens, and instead you must call one of these words:"
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{ $subsections
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string>alien
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malloc-string
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}
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"The first allocates " { $link byte-array } "s, and the latter allocates manually-managed memory which is not moved by the garbage collector and has to be explicitly freed by calling " { $link free } ". See " { $link "byte-arrays-gc" } " for a discussion of the two approaches."
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$nl
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"The C type " { $snippet "char*" } " represents a generic pointer to " { $snippet "char" } "; arguments with this type will expect and return " { $link alien } "s, and won't perform any implicit string conversion."
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$nl
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"A word to read strings from arbitrary addresses:"
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{ $subsections alien>string }
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"For example, if a C function returns a " { $link c-string } " but stipulates that the caller must deallocate the memory afterward, you must define the function as returning " { $snippet "char*" } " and call " { $link (free) } " yourself." ;
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HELP: <ref>
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{ $values { "value" object } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "c-ptr" c-ptr } }
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{ $description "Creates a new byte array to store a Factor object as a C value." }
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{ $examples
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{ $example "USING: alien.c-types alien.data prettyprint sequences ;" "123 int <ref> length ." "4" }
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} ;
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HELP: deref
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{ $values { "c-ptr" c-ptr } { "c-type" "a C type" } { "value" object } }
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{ $description "Loads a C value from a byte array." }
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{ $examples
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{ $example "USING: alien.c-types alien.data prettyprint sequences ;" "321 int <ref> int deref ." "321" }
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} ;
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ARTICLE: "c-out-params" "Output parameters in C"
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"A frequently-occurring idiom in C code is the \"out parameter\". If a C function returns more than one value, the caller passes pointers of the correct type, and the C function writes its return values to those locations."
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{ $subsection with-out-parameters } ;
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